1. Chapter 40 ~ An Introduction to Animal Structure and Function

2. Tissues: groups of cells with a common structure and function (4 types)
Anatomy: structure/Physiology: function
1- Epithelial: a sheet-like layer of cells outside of the body or lines organs and cavities; held together by tight junctions. Most frequent site of cancer.
Specialized epithelial cells are called glands and they secrete substances out of the cell.
Classified as:
Simple: single layer of cells
Stratified: multiple tiers of cells
Types of Epithelial Cells:
Cuboidal (cubes)-small tubes of kidney and reproductive tract. Moves materials/absorption.
Columnar (columns) lines airways and parts of the gut. Absorption/secretion/protection.
Squamous (flat)-lining lungs and blood vessels. Allows substances to diffuse.

3. Tissues, II
2- Connective: bind and support other tissues; act as shock absorbers; produces red blood cells 3 Kinds: A)Collagenous fibers (strong and stretchy-collagen protein) B)Elastic fibers (stretchy-elastin protein) C)Reticular fibers (provide support-thin branched collagen fibers)
Loose connective tissue: binds epithelia to underlying tissue; holds structures together. There are two types:
1. Adipose tissue-aka fat; insulates the body, protects internal organs, and provides a source of energy when necessary.
2. Lymphoid tissue-involved in immune functions; found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, and red bone marrow
Fibrous connective tissue: rigid parallel bundles of cells
1-Tendons- muscles to bones 2-Ligaments- bones to bones; joints
Cartilage: collagen in a rubbery matrix (chondroitin); flexible support; no blood supply. Supports soft tissues. Cushions bone ends at joints.
Bone: Rigid support; site of muscle attachment; produces blood cells
Blood: erythrocytes (RBC’s) carry O2; leukocytes (WBC’s) immunity, Distributes gases/nutrients to cells; removes wastes from them

5. Tissues, III
3-Nervous: senses stimuli and transmits signals from 1 part of the body to another
Neuron: functional unit that transmits impulses
Dendrites: transmit impulses from tips to rest of neuron (receive)
Axons: transmit impulses toward another neuron or effector (send)

6. Tissues, IV
4- Muscle: capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses; myofibrils composed of proteins actin and myosin; 3 types:
A- Skeletal: voluntary movement (striated)-muscle that pulls on bones
B- Cardiac: involuntary: found in the heart (branched striated)
C- Smooth: involuntary activities (no striations)-found in the walls of hollow internal organs (stomach, bladder, intestines, and lungs); also lines blood vessels

7. Organ Systems Digestive-food processing; eliminates food residues
Circulatory-transports materials; stabilizes pH and temp
Respiratory-gas exchange; helps regulate pH
Immune/Lymphatic-defends the body against infection
Excretory-removes excess fluid/wastes; osmoregulation
Endocrine-hormonally controls body functioning
Reproductive-reproduction
Nervous-detection of stimuli; coordinates responses
Integumentary-protects body from injury/pathogens
Skeletal-support; protection; site of muscle attachment
Muscular-movement; maintains posture

8. Internal regulation
Interstitial fluid: internal fluid environment of vertebrates; exchanges nutrients and wastes
Homeostasis: “steady state” or internal balance
Negative feedback: a change triggers a response that counteracts (reverses) the change; i.e., body temperature
Positive feedback: physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change; i.e., uterine contractions at childbirth

9. Metabolism: sum of all energy-requiring biochemical reactions
Catabolic processes of cellular respiration
Endotherms: bodies warmed by metabolic heat
Ectotherms: bodies warmed by environment
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): minimal rate powering basic functions of life (endotherms)
Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR): minimal rate powering basic functions of life (ectotherms)