1. In vitro engineering of heart muscle: Artificial myocardial tissue
T. Kofidis, MDa, P. Akhyari, MSa, J. Boublik, MSa, P. Theodorou, MSa, U. Martin, PhDa, A. Ruhparwar, MDa, S. Fischer, MD, MSca, T. Eschenhagen, MDb, H.P. Kubis, MDc, T. Kraft, PhDc, R. Leyh, MDa, A. Haverich, MDa 
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 
Volume 124, Issue 1, Pages (July 2002)
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Copyright © 2002 American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

2. Akhyari, Kofidis, Haverich, Mueller-Stahl, Wachsmann (left to right)
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , 63-69DOI: ( /mtc )
Copyright © 2002 American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 1
Force measurement assembly. An AMT strip (thin arrow) is fixed between the force sensor (left side, arrow) and a mobile holding arm (right side, arrowhead).
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , 63-69DOI: ( /mtc )
Copyright © 2002 American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 2
AMT stability.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , 63-69DOI: ( /mtc )
Copyright © 2002 American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

5. Fig. 3
A, Cellular seeding of an AMT: fluorescent stain of AMT after 12 weeks of culture, which demonstrates intercellular intercalations. B, Electron microscopic study reveals a tight junction between cell and collagen fibril.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , 63-69DOI: ( /mtc )
Copyright © 2002 American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

6. Fig. 4
Stretching of AMTs resulted in increased force development, dependent on the length of stretch. We measured force immediately after stretching AMT strips for 10 seconds (n = 10).
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , 63-69DOI: ( /mtc )
Copyright © 2002 American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

7. Fig. 5
Effect of stretch and pharmacologic agents on force development (left column, baseline; right column, stimulated). Depicted is the force development in unstimulated AMTs after 10 seconds of stretching (at 2.5 mm), after addition of a further 1 mmol/L Ca2+ in culture medium, and after administration of 0.1 mg of epinephrine (n = 10 each).
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , 63-69DOI: ( /mtc )
Copyright © 2002 American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

8. Fig. 6
A representative electrocardiographic recording of AMT is shown. A double-peak signal represents a single complex of spontaneous electrical activity without stimulation.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , 63-69DOI: ( /mtc )
Copyright © 2002 American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions