1. Cell Energy

2. Why do cells need energy? *ALL ORGANISMS NEED ENERGY
To undergo mitosis
To maintain homeostasis
To make more energy
Active Transport
Nerve transmission
Muscle Contraction
Bioluminescence (glowing)

3. How do Cells Store Energy?
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
Made of :
1 Adenine molecule
1 Ribose sugar molecule
3 Phosphate moleucles
Energy is stored in the bonds between theses molecules!

4. ATP molecules are constantly burned!
Why the need for ATP?
Light energy is not absorbed in plants quickly enough without ATP
In animals, energy is used very quickly
ATP molecules are constantly burned!
ADP- Adenosine diphosphate
ATP ADP + phosphate
Energy is released!
AMP- Adenosine monophosphate
ADP AMP + phosphate

5. How is ATP made? ATP A-P ≈P ≈P ADP A-P ≈P
Nerve Conduction and active transport (uses ATP)
Photosynthesis and Respiration
(makes ATP)
ADP
A-P ≈P

6. Photosynthesis Photo= Light Syntheis= To make
The process in which plants use solar energy to create energy (ATP)
Plants use the CO2 (carbon dioxide) that animals breathe
Plants make O2 (oxygen) and glucose

7. Photosynthesis happens in the chloroplast
Chloro= green -Plast= plastid
Contains chlorophyll which absorbs the sun’s energy
Thylakoid: Membrane that absorbs the sun’s energy
Grana: Stacks of thylakoids
Stroma: Fluid found inside of the chloroplast

9. Equation for Photosynthesis
LIGHT
6 CO H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Chlorophyll
REACTANTS
PRODUCTS
Raw Materials: CO2 and H2O, which are both inorganic
Product: Glucose

10. Light Dependant vs. Light Independent
Light dependant: needs energy from the sun to act as a catalyst for reactions to happen
Light independent: does not need energy from the sun, uses molecules made in the light dependant reactions to make energy
Also called the Calvin Cycle

11. Process of Light Dependant Photosynthesis:
Light energy is absorbed and changed to chemical energy
Light energy is then transferred to the chlorophyll molecules in the thylakoid membrane
Chlorophyll acts as a catalyst
The energy level of the electrons rises due to light energy
This creates enough energy for photosynthesis to begin
Water splits into 2 H+ and O
ADP is made into ATP
Stores energy
O2 is released
Used for respiration

13. Process of Light Independent Photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle)
ATP and NADPH (energy “helper” molecule) molecules are used- products of light dependant reaction
A carbon molecule in a carbohydrate is changed, which makes glucose
“Carbon Fixation”
Glucose is a high energy molecule

15. Cell Respiration
Chemical energy from glucose and other food molecules is released
Is the process in which plants and animals release ATP

16. Cell respiration happens on the mitochondria
The mitochondria is a double layered organelle
Folds inside are called cristae (increase surface area so more ATP can be made)

17. Equation for cell respiration
Respiratory
C6H12O6 + 6O CO2+6H ATP
Enzymes
REACTANTS
PRODUCTS
The equation of cell respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis!

18. Two stages of cell respiration Glycolysis:
Anaerobic
Happens in the cytoplasm of cell
Produces two ATP molecules
Kreb’s Cycle:
Aerobic
Electron Transport Chain (34 ATP)
Happens in the mitochondria
For every cycle of the Kreb’s Cycle, 1 ATP is made

19. Fermentation: Happens after the Kreb’s Cycle if oxygen is not present
IN PLANTS: Alcoholic fermentation
End product is ethyl alcohol
Used in brewing and baking (yeast)
End product is glucose
IN ANIMALS: Lactic Acid fermentation
Accumulates in human muscle tissue. End product is muscle fatigue
Used to make pickles, yogurt, buttermilk, sauerkraut

20. Cell Respiration ATP Totals
Glycolysis 2 ATP
Kreb’s Cycle 2 ATP
Electron Transport 34 ATP
Total 38 ATP