1. Risk Reduction (Management)
Module 5 Day 7
Risk Reduction (Management)

2. The IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)

3. IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)
Write the following terms and definitions in your spiral:
Identify important information in the current driving situation
Predict when and where possible points of conflict may develop
Decide when, where, and how to communicate, adjust speed, and/or change position to avoid conflict.
Execute the correct action(s) to prevent conflict.

4. IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)
The IPDE Process is an organized system of seeing, thinking, and responding.
You begin the process by “reading” traffic situations to gather information in order to make your decisions and execute them.
To process information properly, you must indentify hazards and predict points of conflict.

5. IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)
The “foundation” of the IPDE method of driving, “IDENTIFY,” is reliant upon a driver’s implementation of scanning techniques that serve to discriminate between information that is useful to driving and “non-driving" visual information.
To aid in this process, a driver must practice scanning the driving environment for the primary purpose of IDENTIFYING real and potential hazards.
e.g., an oncoming vehicle in your lane of travel or a child playing near the roadway, respectively.

6. IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)
The second step in the IPDE method is to PREDICT what might happen should you encounter a real or potential hazard.
For real hazards, such as an oncoming vehicle that drifts into your lane of travel, simply predict whether the oncoming vehicle will continue toward your car and, if so, what consequences the oncoming car’s path of travel might involve.

7. IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)
The third step in the IPDE method is to DECIDE what driver action you will implement (accelerate, steer, decelerate, or any combination of these vehicle control maneuvers) to avoid a crash with a real (or potential) hazard.
This process requires an understanding of the need for necessary time and space to implement the “decided-upon” vehicle control maneuver.

8. IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)
To EXECUTE is to carry out your decided-upon action.
This process might range from gently moving toward the left portion of your lane when approaching a vehicle parked on the side of the roadway for repairs (a driver changing a flat tire) to implementing an emergency avoidance maneuver.

9. The IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)
To help you use the IPDE Process more effectively, you will also learn about the Zone Control System which is a method for managing space around your car.
Understanding Zone Control will help you apply the IPDE Process, so that you can manage all the information you need to make responsible decisions that reduce the risks of driving.

10. Zones – Copy the diagram in your spiral
Right Front
Zone
Rear Zone
Right Rear Zone
Left Front Zone
Front Zone
Left Rear Zone

11. Zones Write the boldfaced terms and definitions in your spiral.
The Zone Control System helps you make quick and accurate use of the IPDE Process by setting a standard of what to identify and what to do when you find it.
A zone is one of six areas of space around a vehicle that is the width of a lane and extends as far as the driver can see.

12. Zones
An open zone is space where you can drive without a restriction to your line of sight or to your intended path of travel.
A closed zone is a space not open to you because of a restriction in your line of sight or intended path of travel such as a red traffic light.

13. Searching Ranges
In order to keep alert to the conditions of your zones, there are three searching ranges (orderly visual search patterns) that need to be evaluated.
Target-Area Range is the space from your vehicle to the target area. You search this range to detect early any approaching problems.
12-15 Second Range is the space you will travel in during the next 12 to 15 seconds. Try to identify the possibility of closed zones by searching to the left and to the right.
4-6 Second Range is the space you will travel in the next 4 to 6 seconds. In this range you will get the final update of how you are controlling your intended path of travel.

14. Managing Risks
Using an organized system to drive will better equip you to manage risks and reduce your possibility of damage or harm
Driving a vehicle in today’s environment can cause you to be at a very high degree of risk

15. Driver Contributed Factors
Adjusting the Radio
Using a Cell Phone
Road Rage
Dividing your attention between driving and other vehicle passengers
Drinking and Driving
Combing Hair

16. Vehicle Risk Factors
Some risk factors are contributed by the vehicle itself:
Bald Tires
Poor Brakes
Dirty Windshield
Broken or Dirty Head Lights
Worn Wiper Blades

17. Roadway / Environment Risk Factors
Some risks factors are contributed by the roadway or environment:
Bright Sun
Construction
Dark Shadows
Pot Holes
Snow and Ice
Sharp Curves
Heavy Traffic

18. Low Risk Driving
Good seeing habits and your ability to manage space are basic tools for low-risk driving.
The IPDE Process, along with the Smith System and Zone Control System, can enable you to enjoy low-risk and low stress driving.

19. The Smith System
The Smith System is an organized method to help drivers develop good seeing habits.
The 5 rules of the Smith System are:
Aim high in steering
Keep your eyes moving
Get the big picture
Make sure others see you
Leave yourself an “out” A I M H G

20. IPDE / Smith / Zone Control
The IPDE Process, along with the Smith System and the Zone Control System will help you make decisions that will enable you to avoid hazards and conflicts in your intended path.
Make sure you are a good driver or else!

21. IPDE / Smith / Zone Control
Use the following techniques to manage time, space and distances:
Minimize hazards by putting more distance between yourself and a hazard.
Separate hazards by adjusting your speed or directions so you have to deal with only one hazard at a time
Compromise space when hazards can’t be separated by giving as much space as possible to the greater hazard.
*In every situation, the action you decide on should be the one involving the least amount of risk.

22. The IPDE Process CHART (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)
Driving Situation
Identify
Predict
Decide
Execute 1.
16.

23. The IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)

24. The IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)

25. The IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)

26. The IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)

27. The IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)

28. The IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)

29. The IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)

30. The IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)

31. The IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)

32. The IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)

33. The IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)

34. The IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)

35. The IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)

36. The IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)

37. The IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)

38. The IPDE Process (Identify, Predict, Decide & Execute)

39. Orderly Visual Search Pattern
One of the most important aspects of defensive driving techniques is recognizing in advance, or anticipating, impending hazards before they become a problem.
Early recognition allows the time you need to take action and avoid trouble.
It is vitally important that you recognize and become immediately aware of what you see while driving.

40. Vision Related Words and Terms
Acuity  Clearness, sharpness. The ability to recognize small detail. This is not the same as the ability to detect objects.
Alternating Attention  The ability to focus attention between different types of tasks. For example, reading a map while driving.
Binocular Vision  Vision from both eyes simultaneously.

41. Vision Related Words and Terms
Contrast Sensitivity  The ability to detect objects of low contrast (objects similar in color or shape). For example, detecting an oncoming car on a foggy day or recognizing a street sign parallel to a fence.
Decreased Acuity  Inability to see clearly. This can cause a delay in responding to the environment.
For example, a person with decreased acuity may be slow to recognize signs at a distance. The ability to see clearly decreases as light levels decrease.
Depth Perception  The ability to see three dimensions. If depth perception is impaired, the person may have difficulty judging distances.

42. Vision Related Words and Terms
Divided Attention  The ability to respond simultaneously to multiple tasks. For example, maintaining the path of travel while turning the head to check blind spots.
Focused Attention  The ability to respond to specific visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli.
Glare Disability  Glare refers to the disruption of vision which results from the presence of a light source.