1. Chapter 21
Reproductive System

2. Objectives Compare somatic cell division (mitosis) with germ cell
division (meiosis)
Explain the process of fertilization
Identify the organs of the female reproductive
system and explain their functions
Explain menopause and the changes that occur during this time
Describe the stages and changes that occur during the
menstrual cycle
Identify the organs of the male reproductive system
and explain their functions
List some common disorders of the reproductive system
Define the key words that relate to this chapter

3. The Reproductive System

4. Functions of the Reproductive System
Accomplish reproduction
Creation of new life
Manufacture hormones
Females – estrogen and progesterone
Males – testosterone
Meiosis
Type of nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes is
reduced to one half the number found in a body cell; results in the
formation of an egg or sperm
Somatic (body) cells, in humans, contain 46 chromosomes in the nucleus

5. 23 Pairs of Chromosomes

6. Female and Male Chromosomes
(The 23rd Pair)

7. Fertilization Occurs when the sperm nucleus combines with the egg
nucleus to form a fertilized egg cell, or Zygote
Fertilization restores the full complement of 46
chromosomes possessed by every human cell, each parent
contributing one chromosome to each of the 23 pairs
DNA
All of the inherited traits possessed by the offspring are
established at the time of fertilization
The sex chromosomes of the male parent determine the
sex of the child but other characteristics are a combination
of both parents

8. Female Reproductive System
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
External female
genitalia
Breasts

9. External Female Genitalia

10. Menstrual Cycle Follicle stage Ovulation stage
Corpus luteum stage or luteal phase
Menstruation stage

11. Menopause When monthly menstrual cycle comes to an end
Commonly occurs between 45 and 55 years of age
End of childbearing
Anatomical changes

12. Male Reproductive System
Testes and epididymis
Ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts
Penis
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands
Semen
Erection and ejaculation
Impotence/erectile dysfunction

13. Male Reproductive System

14. Contraception Abstinence Reasons for avoiding pregnancy
Methods of contraception

15. Infertility When conception does not occur after trying for one year
Fertility drugs
Infertility treatments
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
Zygote intrafallopian transfer
Donor eggs and embryos

16. Effects of Aging – Female
Menopause
Declined estrogen and progesterone production
Narrowing of vaginal opening, loss of tissue elasticity, and a decrease in vaginal secretions
Atrophic changes

17. Effects of Aging – Male Sexual response is slower
Obtaining and maintaining an erection becomes more difficult
Prostate gland size increases, testes decrease in size and sperm level decreases
Testosterone level decreases
Viscosity of seminal fluid diminishes

18. Disorders – Female Reproductive System
Amenorrhea
Premenstrual syndrome
(PMS)
Dysmenorrhea
Menorrhagia
Endometriosis
Fibroid tumors
Breast tumors
Endometrial cancers
Ovarian cancer
Cervical cancer

19. Infections – Female Reproductive System
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Salpingitis
Toxic shock syndrome
Vaginal yeast infections

20. Disorders – Male Reproductive System
Epididymitis
Orchitis
Prostatitis
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
Prostate cancer

21. Sexually Transmitted Disease (STDs)
Also known as venereal disease
Chlamydia
Genital warts or human papillomavirus (HPV)
Gonorrhea
Genital herpes
Syphilis
Trichomoniasis vaginalis

22. Human Growth and Development

23. Human Growth and Development
Infancy
Toddler
Preschool
School-age
Adolescence
Early adulthood
Middle adulthood
Older adulthood