1. Immigrants and Urbanization
Section 1: The New Immigrants
Immigrants and Urbanization

2. Objectives for Section 1
1. Identify immigrants’ countries of origin.
2. Describe the journey immigrants endured and their experiences at the United States immigration station.
3. Examine the causes and effects of the nativists’ anti-immigrant feelings.

3. Chapters 7 and 9. Not 8. Don’t you read 8.
Weekly Reading
Chapters 7 and 9. Not 8. Don’t you read 8.

4. Through the Golden Door
Why immigrate? Push and Pull Factors.
Pull Factors
Hope for a better life
Push Factors
Escape difficult conditions: famine, land shortages, or persecution
“Birds of Passage”
Immigrate temporarily to earn money and return to their families

5. Europeans 1870-1920: 20 million Europeans moved to the US
Why did they move?
Escape religious persecution
Rising population—scarcity of land/lack of jobs
Wanting political freedoms

6. Chinese and Japanese Came to the West Coast
Much smaller number than Europeans
Came to look for gold and work on the railroads
Japanese recruited to work on Plantations in Hawaii

7. The West Indies and Mexico
West Indies: Jamaica, Cuba, and Puerto Rico
Better jobs in the US
Mexico
Looking for work and to escape political turmoil
Farming in the West

8. Life in a New Land—Difficult Journey
Traveled by steamship
Many in steerage—cheapest accommodations
Spread of disease
Many immigrants died on their journey

9. Points of Arrival Ellis Island Lasted 5 hours
New York Harbor
Immigrants arriving from Europe
Must be cleared of health problems/mental problems
Cleared of legal problems; proved they had money
Lasted 5 hours
2 % of passengers detained
Angel Island
San Francisco Bay
Immigrants arriving from Asia
Harsh conditions
Long detention
Many turned back

10. Ellis Island
Angel Island

11. Cooperation For Survival
Many challenges facing new immigrants.
Settled with those of the same culture, religion, and language
Created churches, temples, schools, and social clubs
Tensions between immigrants and native born Americans

12. Immigration Restrictions
Melting Pot
Mixture of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs.
Many Immigrants didn’t want to give up their culture
Resulted in tension—rise of nativism

13. Thought Question Describe melting pot in your own words.
Do you think America is a melting pot? Are all cultures blended together?

14. Rise of Nativism Nativism Anglo-Saxons were the “right” immigrants
Favoritism toward native-born Americans
Anti-immigrant feelings
Anglo-Saxons were the “right” immigrants
Problems came from the “wrong” immigrants
Were against Jewish and Catholic people
Congress proposed a bill to block entry to those who couldn’t read 40 words in English
Blocked by President Cleveland

15. GOOD
BAD

17. Anti-Asian Sentiment
Workers thought Chinese were taking jobs because they were willing to work for less
Mainly in California
1882: Chinese Exclusion Act
Banned Chinese immigration for ten years
EXCEPT: students, teachers, merchants, and tourist
Continued until 1943

18. Anti-Asian Sentiment, Cont.
Fears of Chinese spread to other Asian groups
San Francisco created segregated schools
Japan protested—agreement worked out
Gentlemen’s Agreement
Japanese government agreed to limit the number of Japanese emigrants of unskilled jobs
United States would repeal San Francisco segregation laws

19. The Challenges of Urbanization
Chapter 7, Section 2

20. Urban Opportunities
Industrial Revolution caused rapid urbanization—growth of cities
Northeast and Midwest
Why move to the cities??
CHEAP
Jobs
Mainly immigrants moved to the cities

21. Americanization Movement
Movement to assimilate people of different cultures into the main culture
Organizations would teach immigrant skills needed for citizenship
History, language, government, cooking, and social etiquette
Immigrants still lived in their ethnic neighborhoods---over crowded!

22. Immigration From Country to City
New farming techniques=less labor needed
Farm laborers moved to the cities
African Americans leave the South
“The Great Migration”—1.3 million people moved

23. Urban Problems
Housing
Transportation
Water
Sanitation
Crime
Fire

24. Housing Problem: Solution: Did it work:
Overcrowded: Row houses—single family homes that shared side walls with the next house
* Tenements—overcrowded and unsanitary
NYC passed law that set minimum standards for pluming and ventilation. Landlords installed airshafts and windows
NO. People dumped garbage in the air shafts. Windows were nailed shut to keep out the smell

25. Transportation Mass Transit: Description/Positives: Problems:
Transportation system designed to move large number of people
Allowed workers to get to work.
Linked city neighborhoods and the outskirts of town.
Hard to repair and expensive to build new ones

26. Water Problem: Solution: Did it work:
Many people living in the city didn’t have running water/indoor plumbing. Water unsafe—diseases were easy spread
Problem:
Solution:
Did it work:
Water filtration and chlorination was used in most major cities
Many city residents in the early 1900’s still didn’t have access to a safe and clean water supply

27. Sanitation Problem: Solution: Did it work:
Horse manure in streets, sewage in gutters, factory pollution, and garbage in the streets.
Private trash collectors hired—scavengers
By 1900 cities tried to create sewer lines and sanitation departments
Scavengers didn’t do a good job. Sanitation still a major problem

28. Crime Problem: Solution: Did it work:
Pickpockets and thieves increased as population increased
NYC organized the first full-time paid police force
Most cities police force was to small to have an impact

29. Fire Problem: Solution: Did it work:
Lack of water, wooden buildings, use of candles. Fire departments volunteer not available when needed.
Cincinnati hired first paid full time fire department. Buildings had automatic sprinklers, and were made of brick.
Yes. Cities became much safer.

30. Reformers Mobilize Reformer Social Gospel Movement
person who wants and creates change
Social Gospel Movement
Salvation through helping the poor
Public health, public schools, YMCA
Created Settlement Houses

31. Settlement Houses Community centers in the slums
Run by college-educated, middle class women.
Provided services to the poor and immigrants
Night school, day care, public kitchen, kindergarten classes, social organizations, and cultural opportunities

32. Jane Addams
1889: Opened the first settlement house in the United States
Hull House in Chicago, IL
1931: Addams awarded the Nobel Peace Prize