1. Chapter-5
Traffic Engineering

2. Topics Background (Throughput calculations).
Packets, frames and cells per second.
Traffic Engineering Basics: Traffic characteristics and source models.
Statistical Behavior of User Traffic
Poisson Arrivals and Markov Processes:
Statistical Behavior of User Traffic, Voice traffic Modeling
Queued data and packet switched traffic modeling
Causes of Delay ,Availability , Reliability and Maintainability Network Design Tools
Physical and Statistical Design

3. Background (Throughput calculations)
Before going to the topic of traffic engineering, let us know about throughput.
Throughput is the actual amount of user data that is transmitted over the access circuit [Internet] and received by the network node [user].
Every user access circuit is regulated by throughput.
Throughput can also be measured end to end across the entire network.
The common units of measurement for throughput are bits, bytes, packets, frames and cells per second.

4. Packets, frames and cells per second
The term packets, frames and cells per second are used throughput the calculation , but to simplify the discussion.
The maximum achievable packet per second (PPS) rate on physical circuit can be calculated as follows:

5. Traffic Engineering Basics: Traffic characteristics and source models
Source Model Traffic Parameter Characteristics
There are two basic philosophies for characterizing source traffic parameters : Deterministic and probabilistic .
Deterministic parameters are based upon a specific traffic contract, with conformance verifiable on a unit by unit basis.
The probabilistic (also called stochastic) model is typically measurable only over a very long-term average.
Since the method and interval for computing the average can differ, conformance testing defines the details of the measurement method.
Specification of the statistical model is also required.

6. Traffic Engineering Basics: Traffic characteristics and source models
General Source Model Parameters: Burstiness is a commonly used measure of how infrequently a source send traffic . Source that infrequently sends traffic is said to be very bursty. The formula for Burstiness –

7. Traffic Engineering Basics: Traffic characteristics and source models
Poisson Arrivals and Markov Processes: Random arrival processes are described in general and the Poisson (Or Markov) process in particular with reference the following figure.

8. Traffic Engineering Basics: Traffic characteristics and source models
Poisson Arrivals and Markov Processes…..
If t : interval of time and : arrival rate per second
This is called a memory less process, because the probability that the interval of time will be x second is independent of memory of how much time has already expired .

9. Statistical Behavior of User Traffic
Traffic pattern can be calculated in many ways. User information arrives at the network node based on the statistical arrival rates.
Typically , not all users need to communicate with all other user at the exact same time, therefore statistical approximation can be used to model these traffic patterns.

10. Voice traffic Modeling (Erlang Analysis)
The standard for statistically calculating an estimate for user demand based on random call arrival and holding was modeled by A.K. Erlang. The unit of measure called the erlang is calculated as: Where = the call arrival rate in calls/hour and = average holding time in hours

11. Voice Traffic Modeling
Voice Network

12. Queued data and packet switched traffic modeling
While Erlangs work well predicting voice network and circuit-switched traffic rates, they do not work well with packet-switched networks.
In packet-switched networks, some level of queuing is employed so that packets are queued in buffers and transmitted when congestion ceases, rather than being immediately blocked.
Packet-switched networks provide a mix of protocol and traffic types, whereas voice and circuit-switched networks provide point-to-point, transparent homogeneous transport of information.
Therefore, packet switching demands a different analysis of traffic handling

13. Designing for Peak
When calculating the arrival rate of calls , a figure was called busy hour. Any network must be designed to handle the busiest traffic periods, or data will be blocked or lost

14. Causes of Delay Causes of delay in network: Propagation path delay
Line speed
Number of hops between routing or switching nodes
Hardware and Software interface buffers
Load on every component across the path
Windows size
Memory and buffers
Pad functions
Address or route database
Security
Changes in traffic load
Filtering , forwarding and processing packets frames and cells

15. Availability and Reliability
Two quality measures of hardware and software must be known by the network designer that is availability and reliability.
These two measures are depend on MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) and MTTR (Mean Time To Repair) this is given by the vendor.

16. Availability
Availability: Availability is the amount of time the system is working when compared to the measured lifetime of the system.
Availability is calculated by:

17. Reliability

18. Maintainability
Maintainability: Maintainability is defined as the measure of effort a user or network provider must put into the network to maintain its operating efficiency.
Maintainability includes.
Defining how the designer will expand as requirements increase
Expandability and flexibility of the hardware platform
Ease of software upgrades
Build in tools for network monitoring, management, troubleshooting and reporting.

19. Designing Tools
Cost model: calculate the cost of the transport , hardware, and software portions of the network.
What if analysis: Recommend design changes based on failure or network configuration changes
Failure analysis: Describes the completely the effects on demand traffic of failure of some portion of the transport network or devices within the network

20. Designing Tools…
Visualize: Show the Network Elements and connection on the screen and on paper.
Simulate: Models the operation of the network devices with respect physical, data link, network layers.
Characterize: calculate key performance (KPIs) that describes design, efficiency utilization and so on

21. Designing Tools…
Optimize: changes the network design to achieve the higher utilization or performance and models cost trade-offs.
Design: produces transform demand and demand from profiles
Report: produce utilization, link , equipment , site reports.

22. Model for Physical Design

23. Model for Statistical Design