1. CS621: Artificial Intelligence
Pushpak Bhattacharyya CSE Dept., IIT Bombay
Lecture 35–Himalayan Club example; introducing Prolog

2. Himalayan Club example
Introduction through an example (Zohar Manna, 1974):
Problem: A, B and C belong to the Himalayan club. Every member in the club is either a mountain climber or a skier or both. A likes whatever B dislikes and dislikes whatever B likes. A likes rain and snow. No mountain climber likes rain. Every skier likes snow. Is there a member who is a mountain climber and not a skier?
Given knowledge has:
Facts
Rules

3. Example contd.
Let mc denote mountain climber and sk denotes skier. Knowledge representation in the given problem is as follows:
member(A)
member(B)
member(C)
∀x[member(x) → (mc(x) ∨ sk(x))]
∀x[mc(x) → ~like(x,rain)]
∀x[sk(x) → like(x, snow)]
∀x[like(B, x) → ~like(A, x)]
∀x[~like(B, x) → like(A, x)]
like(A, rain)
like(A, snow)
Question: ∃x[member(x) ∧ mc(x) ∧ ~sk(x)]
We have to infer the 11th expression from the given 10.
Done through Resolution Refutation.

4. Club example: Inferencing
member(A)
member(B)
member(C)
Can be written as

5. Negate–

6. Now standardize the variables apart which results in the following
member(A)
member(B)
member(C)

7. 10 7 12 5 4 13 14 2 11 15 16 13 2 17

8. Assignment
Prove the inferencing in the Himalayan club example with different starting points, producing different resolution trees.
Think of a Prolog implementation of the problem
Prolog Reference (Prolog by Chockshin & Melish)

9. Prolog

10. Problem in Declarative Form
Introduction
PROgramming in LOGic
Emphasis on what rather than how
Problem in Declarative Form
Logic Machine
Basic Machine

11. Prolog’s strong and weak points
Assists thinking in terms of objects and entities
Not good for number crunching
Useful applications of Prolog in
Expert Systems (Knowledge Representation and Inferencing)
Natural Language Processing
Relational Databases

12. A Typical Prolog program
Compute_length ([],0).
Compute_length ([Head|Tail], Length):-
Compute_length (Tail,Tail_length),
Length is Tail_length+1.
High level explanation:
The length of a list is 1 plus the length of the tail of the list, obtained by removing the first element of the list.
This is a declarative description of the computation.