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Complex Ions
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Complex Ion An ion formed when a positive central element binds with multiple ions or polar molecules
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The central element is almost always a positively charged metal
Complex Ion The central element is almost always a positively charged metal
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Describe or define a Complex Ion
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Negatively charged ion
Anion Negatively charged ion
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Positively charged ion
Cation Positively charged ion
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Metal Ion Examples Cu+2 Cu+ Au+ Ag+ Zn+2 Ni+2 Pt+2 Co+2 Al+3
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Ligands The negative ions or polar molecules bound by the central element in a complex ion
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Ligand Examples Cl- F- H2O NH3 CN- Br- NO O2 OH-
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Ligands that can bind to more than one point
Polydentate Ligands Ligands that can bind to more than one point
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Ligands that can bind to two points in a complex ion
Bidentate Ligands Ligands that can bind to two points in a complex ion
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Bidentate Examples H2N-CH2-CH2-NH2 -O2C-CO2-
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Ligands that can bind to three points in a complex ion
Tridentate Ligands Ligands that can bind to three points in a complex ion
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Tridentate Examples H2-C-COO- HO-C-COO-
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Polydentate ligands that bind to metal ions in solution
Chelates Polydentate ligands that bind to metal ions in solution
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Coordination Number The number of points in which ligands bind to the central element in a complex ion
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Coordinate Covalent Bond
Covalent bonds in which both electrons involved are donated by one atom
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The bonds formed in a complex ion are coordinate covalent bonds
Complex Ions The bonds formed in a complex ion are coordinate covalent bonds
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A complex ion and its counter ion
Coordination Complex A complex ion and its counter ion
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The bonds formed in a complex ion are coordinate covalent bonds
Complex Ions The bonds formed in a complex ion are coordinate covalent bonds
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Complex Ion Because of the type bonding, they are sometimes called coordinate complexes
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1) Name cations before anions
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2) Name ligands before metal in the complex ion
Naming Complexes 2) Name ligands before metal in the complex ion
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a) give neutral compds normal names except:
2) Naming Ligands a) give neutral compds normal names except:
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H2O aqua NH3 amine CO carbonyl NO nitrosyl
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b) change -ide endings to -o for all anions
2) Naming Ligands b) change -ide endings to -o for all anions
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d) use geometric prefixes for monodentate ligands
2) Naming Ligands d) use geometric prefixes for monodentate ligands
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e) use bis- for 2 & tris- for 3 polydentate ligands
2) Naming Ligands e) use bis- for 2 & tris- for 3 polydentate ligands
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a) use the normal name if the complex ion is (+)
3) Naming Metal a) use the normal name if the complex ion is (+)
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b) make the metal ending -ate if the complex ion is (-)
3) Naming Metal b) make the metal ending -ate if the complex ion is (-)
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d) use Roman numerals in () to indicate metal ox #
3) Naming Metal d) use Roman numerals in () to indicate metal ox #
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Name the Following: [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2 [Co(H2O)2Cl4]-2 [Cu(H2O)2(en)2]I2
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Predict # of isomers of each:
[Pt(NH3)4 Cl2] [Co(H2O)3Cl3]
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Complex Ion Shapes 2-linear 4-tetrahedral or sq pl 6-octahedral
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Square planar vs tetrahedral
Geometric Isomers Square planar vs tetrahedral cis vs trans
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Geometric Isomers Bunched octa- T-shaped octa- bis: cis vs trans
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Optical Isomers Tri-bis mirror images
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CN- > NO2- > en > NH3 > NCS- > H2O > F- > Cl-
Field Strength CN- > NO2- > en > NH3 > NCS- > H2O > F- > Cl-
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Field Strength CN- is strong field Cl- is weak field
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Determines d-level splitting or Do(splitting energy)
Field Strength Determines d-level splitting or Do(splitting energy)
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Large Do yields low spin or diamagnetic compds
Field Strength Large Do yields low spin or diamagnetic compds
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Small Do yields high spin or paramagnetic compds
Field Strength Small Do yields high spin or paramagnetic compds
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Name, shape, & possible isomerism
[Pt(NH3)2I4]-2 Determine: Name, shape, & possible isomerism
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[Co(NH3)6] yellow [Co(NH3)5NCS] orange [Co(NH3)5H2O] red [Co(NH3)5Cl] purple t-[Co(NH3)4Cl2] green
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Complex Ion Equilibria
Cu NH [Cu(NH3)4]+2 [Cu(NH3)4]+2 [Cu+2][NH3]4 Kf =
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Calculate the ratio of [Cu+2]/ [Cu(NH3)4]+2 when Cu+2 is added to a 0
Calculate the ratio of [Cu+2]/ [Cu(NH3)4]+2 when Cu+2 is added to a 0.10 M NH3 solution: Kf = 2.0 x 1012
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The larger the Kf, the more likely the complex will form
Common Ion Equilibria The larger the Kf, the more likely the complex will form
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Common Ion Equilibria Kf for [Ag(NH3)2]+1 = 1.7 x 107 Kf for [Ag(CN)2]-1 = 2.0 x 1020
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Common Ion Equilibria Kf for [M(NH3)2]+2 = 1.7 x 107 Kf for [M(CN)4]-2 = 2.0 x 1020
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Common Ion Equilibria CN- will replace NH3 in the complex with silver
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[Zn(NH3)2H2OF]+1 [Co(NH3)3ClFI]-1
Calculate: a) coordination # b) number of isomers c) oxidation # of metal [Zn(NH3)2H2OF]+1 [Co(NH3)3ClFI]-1
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