1. Complex Sentences
Today we will differentiate1 between independent and dependent clauses.
1 Differentiate- to perceive the difference

2. Complex Sentences Complex sentences contain clauses1.
1 A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a verb.
There are two types of clauses:
An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. Marianne got an award.
A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence: because she won first place.

3. Complex Sentences
A dependent clause often begins with a connecting word such as before, when, or because. These connecting words are often called conjunctions.
Examples:
since I was eight years old
because I didn’t want to be late
as soon as I get home

4. Conjunctions Conjunctions connect two clauses in a sentence.
Some conjunctions tell where, when, why, how, or under what condition.
Conjunctions:
where when why how although
because before as as if if
after since as soon as unless
as though

5. Independent vs. Dependent Clauses
An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. Marianne got an award.
A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence: because she won first place.
Steps:
Read the text.
Look for conjunctions that indicate a dependent clause.
Look for a subject and a verb which indicates an independent clause.
Decide if the clause is independent or dependent.

6. Identify independent or dependent clauses by writing and i or a d next to it :
The night became very dark.
When a cloud hid the moon.
Gracie reads books about the moon.
As soon as she comes home.
People weigh less on the moon.
Because gravity is weaker there.
I’ve studied stars and planets.
Since I was eight years old.

7. Identify independent or dependent clauses by writing and i or a d next to it:
It was raining yesterday.
After it started raining.
I was really hungry.
When I got home.
I hope I don’t get sick.
Since it is getting colder.
I can’t wait to read my book.
Because it is really interesting.

8. Closure What is an independent clause? What is a dependent clause?
Name two conjunctions.
Which type of clause often starts with a conjunction?

9. Complex Sentences
Today we will identify independent and dependent clauses in complex sentences and punctuate accordingly.

10. Complex sentences
A complex sentence includes an independent clause1 and one or more dependent clauses2.
1 An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. Marianne got an award.
2A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence: because she won first place.

11. Punctuation and Complex Sentences
When a dependent clause begins a sentence, it is usually followed by a comma: After I heard the alarm, I got up.
When an independent clause begins a sentence, it usually is not followed by a comma: Henry tried to get an autograph after the concert ended.

12. Combine each pair of sentence using the given conjunction
Combine each pair of sentence using the given conjunction. Write a comma when needed:
The night became very dark. A cloud hid the moon. (when)
(as soon as) She comes home. Gracie reads books about the moon.
People weigh less on the moon. Gravity is weaker there. (because.)
(since) I was eight years old. I’ve studied stars and planets.

13. Draw a line between the independent and dependent clauses
Draw a line between the independent and dependent clauses. Write an i or a d underneath each clause according to the type.
The night became very dark when a cloud hid the moon.
As soon as she comes home, Gracie reads books about the moon.
People weigh less on the moon because gravity is weaker there.
Since I was eight years old, I’ve studied stars and planets.

14. Combine each pair of sentence using the given conjunction
Combine each pair of sentence using the given conjunction. Write a comma when needed:
1) (as) The astronaut eats his meal. He floats around in the rocket.
2) (after) Light leaves a star. It takes thousands of years to reach Earth.
3) (while) Eat some freeze dried snacks. You work at the computer.
4) (where) He goes to the library. He reads books about space.

15. Complex Sentences
Draw a line between the independent and dependent clauses. Write an i or a d underneath each clause according to the type.
1) The astronaut eats his meal as he floats around in the rocket.
2) After light leaves a star, it takes thousands of years to reach Earth.
3) Eat some freeze dried snacks while you work at the computer.
4) He goes to the library where he reads books about space.

16. Closure What is a complex sentence?
How do you usually punctuate a sentence that starts with a dependent clause?
How do you usually punctuate a sentence that starts with an independent clause?