1. Association between cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factors and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on mortality.
Association between cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factors and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on mortality. Arrows and associated values indicate the impact of each comorbidity on the mortality risk of patients with COPD versus those patients with COPD alone. Where available, the reverse is also shown (the impact of COPD on the mortality risk of patients with each comorbidity versus those with the comorbidity alone). AF: atrial fibrillation; HF: heart failure; HR: hazard ratio; IHD: ischaemic heart disease; PH: pulmonary hypertension. #: HR was not significant after adjustment for confounding risk factors. Reproduced and modified with permission from [3].
Klaus F. Rabe et al. Eur Respir Rev 2018;27:180057
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