1. On the Closure of the Surface Energy Balance in Highly Complex Terrain Mathias W. Rotach, Pierluigi Calanca, Andreas Weigel, Marco Andretta Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science

2. Layout Surface energy balance Data: MAP -Riviera project Energy balance for a layer Implications for modeling

3. MAP-Riviera Valley FloorSlope site Average 15 fair-weather days

4. Surface Energy balance NR G HoHo LvEoLvEo NR-G=H o +L v E o

5. Surface Energy balance horizontally homogeneous surfaces --> constant turbulent fluxes --> no advection --> closure! [even @ z0...] NR-G=H o +L v E o

6. Surface Energy balance horizontally homogeneous surfaces --> constant turbulent fluxes --> no advection --> closure! [even @ z0...] --> non-closure: measurement error turbulence time scales NR-G=H o +L v E o

7. Surface Energy balance horizontally homogeneous surfaces --> constant turbulent fluxes --> no advection --> closure! [even @ z0...] --> non-closure: measurement error turbulence time scales complex terrain... NR-G=H o +L v E o

8. Bellinzona Biasca Riviera MAP Riviera project Lago Maggiore

9. MAP Riviera project

10. MAP Riviera Project

11. MAP-Riviera: Bosco di Sotto turbulence @ 4 / 16 / 28 m Local surface: corn, grass Full radiation comp, precip, profiles,sfc. hydrology Local slope app. 0.5°

12. NR G HoHo LvEoLvEo zrzr H(z r )L v E(z r ) Near-Surface Energy Balance

13. NR G HoHo LvEoLvEo NR-G=Storage+horiz.Adv +vert.Adv HrHr LvErLvEr z=z r

14. Corrections Sensible Heat flux: --> frequency response (Moore 1986) --> humidity cross-correlation (Schotanus et al. 1983) Latent heat flux: --> frequency response (Moore 1986) --> Oxygen (Dijk et al. 2003) --> WPL-correction (Webb et al. 1980)

15. Horizontal Advection Comprovasco Magadino Riviera

16. Vertical Advection zrzr Mean vertical wind: from planar fit

17. Results...

18. Energy balance terms NR H+LE+G New sum LE G H Average 7 clear sky days

19. Contributing terms Sum new terms Storage air / horiz. advection Storage soil Sum corrections Vertical advection Average 7 clear sky days

20. Vertical advection Proprtional Difference in, q....

21. Vertical advection Proprtional mean vertical wind

22. Energy balance terms NR H+LE+G New sum LE G H Average 7 clear sky days

23. Conclusions Sfc. energy balance in really complex terrain: good to detect processes Corrections to turbulent fluxes important Soil storage term important Vertical advection! --> largest --> most uncertain!

24. Outlook If indeed vertical advection is substantial.... --> too large a fraction of NR --> H, LE --> cold / dry bias

25. RAMS simulations - August 25 1999 9.15 UTC 12.08 UTC observations model De Wekker et al. 2003

26. Salt Lake Valley - VTMX Different models: RAMS MM5 ETA Zhong and Fast 2002 IOPs 6,7,10

27. Outlook If indeed vertical advection is substantial.... --> too large a fraction of NR --> H, LE --> cold / dry bias How to parameterize in numerical models?

28. Comparisons of observed and simulated sensible heat fluxes

29. Hydrological modeling – valley floor Soil moisture (.5m) ET und LE [mm/h] Precipitation [mm/h] ET und LE [W/m2] Sept 1 1999Sept 21 1999

30. ET und LE [W/m 2 ] time Observation (Bowen Ratio) Model (Penman- Monteith) Eddy Correlation Hydrological modeling – valley floor

31. Closed energy balance Bowen ratio method: --> if and

32. Planar fit Plot w as a function of (u,v)....

33. Planar fit on a slope

34. Common plane vs. local planes Planar fit vs. Double rotation ( PFC - DR )/ DR ( PFC - PF )/ PFC Andretta et al. (2002)

35. Finnigan et al. 2003 Energy Balance closure Data from a flux site in Manaus, Brazil