1. Kingdom Plantae

2. I. Characteristics of All Plants
A. Eukaryotic B. Multicellular C. Autotrophic; contain chloroplasts and photosynthesize D. Have cell walls made of cellulose E. Alternation of Generations 1. The gametophyte generation begins with a spore and goes through mitosis 2.The sporophyte generation starts with a zygote and produces spores through meiosis

3. Alternation of Generations

4. II. Non-Vascular Plants
Lack a vascular system for transporting water and other nutrients
B. Lack true roots, stems, or leaves
C. Small in size
D. Require water for Sexual Reproduction
Found in very moist environments
G. Examples
1. Mosses
2. Liverworts
3. Hornworts

5. Hornwort
Liverwort

6. III. Seedless Vascular Plants
Have a vascular system
B. Produce drought-resistant spores
C. Found in semi-moist environments
D. Examples
1. Ferns
2. Club Mosses
3.Horsetails
4. Whisk ferns

7. Ferns
Fiddleheads
Horsetails
Whisk Fern
Club Mosses

10. IV. Gymnosperms – “Naked-Seed” Plants
Produce seeds in cone-like structures
Greatly reduced gametophyte
Most rely upon wind pollination
Examples
1. conifers (needle/scale-like leaves)
2. cycads (sago palm)
3. ginkgo
4. ephedra

11. Conifers
Ginkgo
Cycads
Gnetophytes
Ephedra

12. V. Angiosperms – “Covered Seed” Plants
A. Flowers – male and female gametophytes B. Fruit – contains seed(s) 1. may protect seed 2. promotes dispersal of seed C. Endosperm – store food within the seed that is absorbed by the embryo D. Most diverse group of plants – over 250,000 species

13. E. Two main groups 1. Monocots – grasses, bamboo, corn, lillies, orchids, bananas a. seeds have one seed leaf b. flower parts are in multiples of 3 c. leaves have parallel veins 2. Dicots – roses, potatoes, oaks, soybean, broccoli, daisies a. seeds have two seed leaves b. flower parts are in multiples of 2,4 or 5 c. leaves have branching veins

15. Monocots

16. Dicots