1. Pre – AP Biology
Protein Synthesis

2. George Beadle & Edward Tatum One Gene-One polypeptide Hypothesis

3. RNA (Short term) vs. DNA(Long term)

5. Adenine = Thymine (DNA) or Uracil (RNA)
Chargaff’s Rule
Adenine = Thymine (DNA) or Uracil (RNA)
&
Guanine = Cytosine
If you know the % composition of 1, you can find the % composition of the other 3.

6. RNA codon chart This uses the nucleotide sequence on the mRNA

7. Transfer RNA molecule structure up close

8. Transcription & Translation in Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells

9. Transcription & Translation Can you “see” the “function” in the name?

10. Transcription Making DNA code into mRNA code

11. Initiation -“Build the factory” See the “factory” of enzymes at the bottom?

12. Elongation – adding nucleotides

13. Termination

14. Post Transcription Modification Primary transcript will be modified to become secondary transcript

15. Spliceosomes removing introns

16. mRNA will leave the nucleus now

17. Translation by the Ribosome Turning the nucleotide mRNA sequence into a sequence of amino acids

18. Ribosome structure

19. Amino Acid Codon Chart

20. Transfer RNA molecule again

21. Using enzymes and ATP (energy) to combine a tRNA molecule with an Amino Acid

22. Initiation - “Build the factory”

23. Elongation by translocation

24. Termination – releasing the 1’of Amino Acids

25. Polyribosomes

27. The BIG Picture

28. Codon Chart, Yet again

29. Mutations Any changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA.
Caused by mutagens.

30. Point Mutation A single nucleotide changed in the sequence

31. Reading Frame Mutations Nucleotides were added or deleted in the sequence

32. Chromosomal mutations
Deletions – loss of all or part of the chromosome
Duplications – extra copies of part of the chromosome
Inversion – reverses the direction of a portion of the chromosome
Translocation – portion of the chromosome breaks off and attaches to another