1. BIMESTER 2
Yellow / White

2. MODIFIERS Modifier + adjective / adverb
WEAKER
STRONGER
A BIT FAIRLY A LITTLE QUITE RATHER
EXTREMELY REALLY TERRIBLY VERY
Use them to make adjectives and adverbs stronger or weaker.
The test was quite confusing.
Modifier + adjective / adverb
Can also be used to soften a statement.
He´s boring.  He´s not very interesting.

3. USED TO & WOULD
Used to: For past habits and states. She used to be a nice little girl. We didn’t use to study in elementary. Why did we use to yell at our parents? Would: is not used for states, only for past habitual actions. I used to go to Franklin High School I would take the bus.

4. Somebody / Anybody / Nobody / Everybody
Use them when we don’t want to refer to a specific person or don’t know who the person is.
Can use ‘they’ to refer to these pronouns.
Use singular verbs
Rules also apply for words ending
in –thing or –where, -one
(something, somewhere, anywhere,
anyone, nowhere, no-one, everyone, everywhere).

5. SOMEBODY: affirmative sentences
questions we expect a particular answer.
Will somebody help me? (you want the answer to be yes)
If somebody gave me ice cream, they would be my BFF.
ANYBODY: negative sentences
questions we don’t know the answer for.
Is anybody going to help me? (We don’t expect the answer to be yes)
Anybody can come to the meeting. (doesn’t matter who)

6. NOBODY: means ‘no people’ in affirmative sentences.
Nobody answered my question.
EVERYBODY: means ‘every person’ in affirmative sentences.
Everybody read Casino Royale.

8. Modals of deduction
They express how certain or uncertain something is.
Certain
Not certain
MUST
It must be…
MAY / COULD / MIGHT (there´s a possiblity)
It may/could/might be…
CAN´T BE
It can´t be…
Unit 4

9. Modals of obligation and permission
MUST, NEED TO & HAVE TO  obligation.
You must do your homework. You have to pay attention.
NOT HAVE TO & NEEDN’T TO  not necessary.
You don’t have to yell at me. You don’t need to come tomorrow.
MUSTN’T  prohibition.
You musn´t go there. (Don´t go there)
CAN (NOT), MAY (NOT) & BE (NOT) ALLOWED  permission
You can´t leave without a hall pass. You may go to the restroom. You aren’t allowed to go to the locker.

10. Modal verbs in past tense.
Have to / must  HAD TO (obligation in the past)
DIDN’T HAVE TO (lack of obligation in the past)
I had to finish the project because she didn’t do her part.
Can  COULD (permission in the past)
Last year I could eat ice cream every day. (Now I don’t)
Be allowed  WAS / WERE ALLOWED (permission in the past)
I was not allowed to go to the concert.

11. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
* Puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result)
* Recently completed actions which have present results.
She has been crying. (Her eyes are red)
HAVE / HAS + BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE
-ING
Using FOR and SINCE:
Since 1992, I have been going to school.
For many years, I have been seeing Dr. Mendez
She has been writing for two hours.
Unit 5

12. emphasise the duration or continuous course of an action.
Present Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Progressive
'have' + past participle
emphasise the result 
They have talked to each other.
'have' + been + verb + ing
 emphasise the duration or continuous course of an action.
They have been talking to each other.
Result (what / how much / how often)
I have written 5 letters.
I have been to London twice.
Duration (how long)
I have been writing for an hour.
Emphasis on completion
I have done my homework. 
(Meaning: My homework is completed now.)
Emphasis on duration
I have been doing my homework. (Meaning: That's how I have spent my time. It does not matter whether the homework is completed now.)

13. Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive
permanent
James has lived in this town for 10 years. (Meaning: He is a permanent resident of this town.)
temporary
James has been living here for a year. (Meaning: This situation is only temporary. Maybe he is an exchange student and only here for one or two years.)
since the last time
I haven't played that game for years. (Meaning: It's years ago that I last played that game.)
since the beginning
I haven't been playing that game for an hour, only for 10 minutes. (Meaning: It's not even an hour ago that I started to play that game.)
Do you want to express that a completed action led to a desired result or that the action had an unwanted side effect?
desired result
I have washed the car. (Result: The car is clean now.)
unwanted side effect
Why are you so wet? - I have been washing the car. (side effect: I became wet when I was washing the car. It does not matter whether the car is clean now.)

14. Use present perfect progressive
_____________ birds ______ I was fifteen. (photograph).
He ____________ movies _____ twenty years. (make)
_______ you _______ here ___________ noon? (wait)
We ____________ here for vacation ______ ten years. (come)
She _____________ a lot of fun this summer ________ she arrived in New York.

15. The following verbs are usually only used in Present Perfect Simple (not in the progressive form).
state: be, have (for possession only)
Example: We have been on holiday for two weeks.
senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch
Example: He has touched the painting.
brain work: believe, know, think, understand
Example: I have known him for 3 years.
STATE VERBS

16. They _______(go) to the beach. You _______ (drink) a lot. They ______
(read)
this book.
We ________
(shout)
all the time.
_________(eat)
all the
food?
He _______
(not/ write) a
message.
_______ (he/ speak)
English?
They _______(go) to the beach.
You _______
(drink) a lot.
They ______
(buy) cheap
clothes.
I ________ (study)
for the
exams.
______
(he / sleep)
in the
tent?
She ________
(work) in a
bank.
He ________(do)
his homework..
They _______
(help) their
friends.
He ________
(travel) all
year.
_______(she/sit)
on the sand
all the time?
We _______ (not/ live) here all
the time.
________(you/ paint) for
the last two
hours.
________ (they/ sit) all the
time?
I ______(not/ wait) for you.
________(they/not/live) in
New York?
_______(he/ not/ stay) in the hotel?
_________
(you / not / clean) the room?
(he / not / sing)?
Fill in the blanks with the Present Perfect Continuous of the verbs in brackets.
I _____________
(telephone)
you all
morning.