1. Introduction to classical Greece and new political forms!
Agenda- 9/10
Introduction to classical Greece and new political forms!
HW: readings! If you didn’t get your calendar yesterday, be sure to pick it up today
Don’t ask me about your test grades and when they’ll be in 
Wait also how were our weeks? Did we do anything fun? How was the test? Maps and things.

2. Wait! Diego, let’s do this!

3. INTRODUCTION TO classical GREECE

5. How will Greece’s geography impact its culture and development?

6. “Greeks don’t live on the land; they live near the sea.”
Importance of the Sea
“Greeks don’t live on the land; they live near the sea.”

7. Greece’s lack of natural resources & location on the Mediterranean Sea encouraged Greek trade with neighboring societies
Geography Shapes Greek Life
The Sea The sea shaped Greek civilization just as rivers shaped the ancient civilizations of Egypt, the Fertile Crescent, India, and China. In one sense, the Greeks did not live on a land but around a sea. Greeks rarely had to travel more than 85 miles to reach the coastline. The Aegean Sea, the Ionian Sea, and the neighboring Black Sea were important transportation routes for the Greek people. These seaways linked most parts of Greece. As the Greeks became skilled sailors, sea travel connected Greece with other societies. Sea travel and trade were also important because Greece lacked natural resources, such as timber, precious metals, and usable farmland.
The Land Rugged mountains covered about three-fourths of ancient Greece. The mountain chains ran mainly from northwest to southeast along the Balkan Peninsula. Mountains divided the land into a number of different regions. This significantly influenced Greek political life. Instead of a single government, the Greeks developed small, independent communities within each little valley and its surrounding mountains. Most Greeks gave their loyalty to these local communities. In ancient times, the uneven terrain also made land transportation difficult. Of the few roads that existed, most were little more than dirt paths. It often took travelers several days to complete a journey that might take a few hours today. Much of the land itself was stony, and only a small part of it was arable, or suitable for farming. Tiny but fertile valleys covered about one-fourth of Greece. The small streams that watered these valleys were not suitable for large-scale irrigation projects. With so little fertile farmland or fresh water for irrigation, Greece was never able to support a large population. Historians estimate that no more than a few million people lived in ancient Greece at any given time. Even this small population could not expect the land to support a life of luxury. A desire for more living space, grassland for raising livestock, and adequate farmland may have been factors that motivated the Greeks to seek new sites for colonies

8. How will Greece’s geography impact its culture and development?

9. Mountains covered about 75% of Greece, which divided the people and made unifying the Greek people nearly impossible
Geography Shapes Greek Life
The Land Rugged mountains covered about three-fourths of ancient Greece. The mountain chains ran mainly from northwest to southeast along the Balkan Peninsula. Mountains divided the land into a number of different regions. This significantly influenced Greek political life. Instead of a single government, the Greeks developed small, independent communities within each little valley and its surrounding mountains. Most Greeks gave their loyalty to these local communities. In ancient times, the uneven terrain also made land transportation difficult. Of the few roads that existed, most were little more than dirt paths. It often took travelers several days to complete a journey that might take a few hours today. Much of the land itself was stony, and only a small part of it was arable, or suitable for farming. Tiny but fertile valleys covered about one-fourth of Greece. The small streams that watered these valleys were not suitable for large-scale irrigation projects. With so little fertile farmland or fresh water for irrigation, Greece was never able to support a large population. Historians estimate that no more than a few million people lived in ancient Greece at any given time. Even this small population could not expect the land to support a life of luxury. A desire for more living space, grassland for raising livestock, and adequate farmland may have been factors that motivated the Greeks to seek new sites for colonies

10. Because of these things… colonies!
Because of lack or arable land – they needed trading partners so they created colonies around the Mediterranean. This also helped spread Greek culture so that it was more easily preserved.

11. ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS: MINOANS (2600-1100 BCE)
Destroyed by earthquakes, volcanoes, and tidal waves – moved to the mainland of Greece

12. ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS: MINOANS (2600-1100 BCE)
Destroyed by earthquakes, volcanoes, and tidal waves – moved to the mainland of Greece
Influenced by Egyptians and Phoenicians…

13. ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS: MINOANS (2600-1100 BCE)
Writing system: Linear A
Not yet deciphered
Destroyed by earthquakes, volcanoes, and tidal waves – moved to the mainland of Greece

14. ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS: MINOANS (2600-1100 BCE)
Center of trade
SUPER. DUPER.
EXTRAORDINARILY.
WEALTHY.
Destroyed by earthquakes, volcanoes, and tidal waves – moved to the mainland of Greece

15. ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS: MINOANS (2600-1100 BCE)
Bull leaping
Destroyed by earthquakes, volcanoes, and tidal waves – moved to the mainland of Greece

16. ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS: MYCENAEANS (1600-1100BCE)
Then you have city-states starting to rise again in the 750s BCE, and each of them, because they’re developing independently, gets to experiment with new forms of government

17. ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS: MYCENAEANS (1600-1100BCE)
Linear B
Warlike society
Massive protective walls, stone fortresses, horse-drawn chariots, bronze weapons
Then you have city-states starting to rise again in the 750s BCE, and each of them, because they’re developing independently, gets to experiment with new forms of government

18. ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS: MYCENAEANS (1600-1100BCE)
Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey
Iliad is written

19. Dorian invasion
Taken over by illiterate warriors who used iron technology (the Dorians)
“Dark Ages” (400 years) – loss of writing [but rise in storytelling], drop in agricultural production, cities reduced to villages, drop in population
Then you have city-states starting to rise again in the 750s BCE, and each of them, because they’re developing independently, gets to experiment with new forms of government

20. Greeks flee the Dorians, and make their way over to Anatolia (Turkey)
IONIAN MIGRATION
Then you have city-states starting to rise again in the 750s BCE, and each of them, because they’re developing independently, gets to experiment with new forms of government
Greeks flee the Dorians, and make their way over to Anatolia (Turkey)

21. IONIAN MIGRATION
Then you have city-states starting to rise again in the 750s BCE, and each of them, because they’re developing independently, gets to experiment with new forms of government
Most people “lose civilization” – revert back to farmers, traders, warriors

22. AROUND 750BCE – THE RISE OF CITY-STATES
Then you have city-states starting to rise again in the 750s BCE, and each of them, because they’re developing independently, gets to experiment with new forms of government

23. The Greeks developed independent city-states, called a polis, within each valley & its surrounding mountains
Geography Shapes Greek Life
The Land Rugged mountains covered about three-fourths of ancient Greece. The mountain chains ran mainly from northwest to southeast along the Balkan Peninsula. Mountains divided the land into a number of different regions. This significantly influenced Greek political life. Instead of a single government, the Greeks developed small, independent communities within each little valley and its surrounding mountains. Most Greeks gave their loyalty to these local communities. In ancient times, the uneven terrain also made land transportation difficult. Of the few roads that existed, most were little more than dirt paths. It often took travelers several days to complete a journey that might take a few hours today. Much of the land itself was stony, and only a small part of it was arable, or suitable for farming. Tiny but fertile valleys covered about one-fourth of Greece. The small streams that watered these valleys were not suitable for large-scale irrigation projects. With so little fertile farmland or fresh water for irrigation, Greece was never able to support a large population. Historians estimate that no more than a few million people lived in ancient Greece at any given time. Even this small population could not expect the land to support a life of luxury. A desire for more living space, grassland for raising livestock, and adequate farmland may have been factors that motivated the Greeks to seek new sites for colonies

24. Polis: fundamental political unit (city- state)
Polis/poleis
Polis: fundamental political unit (city- state)
Governing city and its surrounding areas
Acropolis = fortified hilltop with important temples
Athens was one of many poleis – not the only one! So, let’s look at the other major polis - SPARTAAA

25. THINGS THAT UNITE THE GREEKS
Despite their lack of unity, the Greeks shared some common characteristics:
Greeks shared the same language
Greek writing was influenced by the Phoenician alphabet & became the basis for Latin
Same pantheon of gods
Olympic events
Greeks were polytheistic & believed that the gods

26. Greeks were polytheistic & believed that the gods were immortal but had human qualities… became the basis for Greek mythology
Zeus King of the gods
Athena Goddess of wisdom
Aphrodite Goddess of love
Apollo God of sun & music
Ares God of war
Hades God of underworld
Hera Goddess of family
Poseidon God of the seas
Aphrodite The sensual goddess of Love and Beauty
Apollo The youthful god of the Sun and the Music
Ares The fierce god of War
Artemis The wild goddess of the Hunt
Athena The sophisticated goddess of Wisdom and Arts
Demeter The natural goddess of the Harvest
Dionysus The joyful god of the Wine
Hades The gloomy god of the Underworld
Hephaestus The ill-favored god of Metallurgy
Hera The mature goddess of the Family
Hermes The cunning god of the Trade
Hestia The calm goddess of the Hearth
Poseidon The moody god of the Seas
Zeus The heavenly King of the Gods and ruler of mankind

27. Olympic Games: competition between poleis every four years, began in 776 BCE
Physical games – boxing, broad jumps, chariot racing, dashes, discus throwing, distance running, javelin throwing
Intellectual games – art, drama, music, poetry
Most Greek city-states had an agora that was the center for trade & government
the gods

28. THINGS THAT DIVIDE THE GREEKS
Despite similar language & religion, the Greek poleis were very different from each other, especially how they were governed
Geography Shapes Greek Life
The Land Rugged mountains covered about three-fourths of ancient Greece. The mountain chains ran mainly from northwest to southeast along the Balkan Peninsula. Mountains divided the land into a number of different regions. This significantly influenced Greek political life. Instead of a single government, the Greeks developed small, independent communities within each little valley and its surrounding mountains. Most Greeks gave their loyalty to these local communities. In ancient times, the uneven terrain also made land transportation difficult. Of the few roads that existed, most were little more than dirt paths. It often took travelers several days to complete a journey that might take a few hours today. Much of the land itself was stony, and only a small part of it was arable, or suitable for farming. Tiny but fertile valleys covered about one-fourth of Greece. The small streams that watered these valleys were not suitable for large-scale irrigation projects. With so little fertile farmland or fresh water for irrigation, Greece was never able to support a large population. Historians estimate that no more than a few million people lived in ancient Greece at any given time. Even this small population could not expect the land to support a life of luxury. A desire for more living space, grassland for raising livestock, and adequate farmland may have been factors that motivated the Greeks to seek new sites for colonies

29. Types of Government IN CLASSICAL GREECE
Monarchy
Rule by a king/queen
One family – rule is hereditary
Practiced in Mycenae
Bottom right picture is of Peisistratos– an Athenian “tyrant” who reduced the power of the aristocracy and championed the poor.

30. Types of Government IN CLASSICAL GREECE
Aristocracy
Rule by the wealthy nobles
Social status and wealth support a ruler’s authority
Practiced in Corinth
Bottom right picture is of Peisistratos– an Athenian “tyrant” who reduced the power of the aristocracy and championed the poor.

31. Types of Government IN CLASSICAL GREECE
Oligarchy
Rule by a small group of people
Usually based on wealth or ability
Practiced in Sparta
Technically, they had a diarchy
Bottom right picture is of Peisistratos– an Athenian “tyrant” who reduced the power of the aristocracy and championed the poor.

32. EVOLUTION TOWARD DEMOCRACY
Oligarchy
Rule by a small group of people
Monarchy
Rule by one (king/queen)
Aristocracy
Rule by wealthy nobles

33. Types of Government IN CLASSICAL GREECE
Tyrant
A tyrant is a leader who gains complete control by appealing to the poor and unhappy
(Some tyrants are bad.)
Bottom right picture is of Peisistratos– an Athenian “tyrant” who reduced the power of the aristocracy and championed the poor.
(But some tyrants are good.)
(And sometimes historians disagree over the goodness of tyrants.)

34. Finish yesterday’s lecture:
Agenda- 9/11
Finish yesterday’s lecture:
Discuss new political forms, this time ft. democracy!
Start Athens v. Sparta compare/contrast
HW: Greek god/dess assignment due tomorrow – present for extra credit
Wait also how were our weeks? Did we do anything fun? How was the test? Maps and things.

35. Warm up: Which type of government is the most effective?
Monarchy – Aristocracy – Oligarchy – Tyranny
Take one minute to decide which you think is the most effective at maintaining and improving a civilization. Be able to justify why your choice is correct.
Share with a partner! Argue (respectfully)!

36. Athens and Athenian Democracy
Demos (“people”) + kratein (“to rule”)
Democracy developed through various reforms over 200 years (circa 620s B.C.E.-420 B.C.E.)
Draco
Solon
Clisthenes
Pericles
Draco
Solon
Clisthenes
Pericles
Possible anecdote: Discussion of American democracy and its formation.

37. BEGINNINGS OF DEMOCRACY
Created in response to aristocrats’ fear of a revolution by the people* > created a limited democracy where:
All Athenian citizens could participate in government.
But… only 1/5 of Athenians were considered “citizens.”
*peasant revolts are the real deal, y’all
Rich people were in charge. In order to appease the lower class, and prevent them from rebelling, Athenians created a democracy. Peasant rebellions. Common theme throughout world history. You always want to appease the lower class and give them rights so that they feel like they’re being heard and won’t overthrow the government.

38. Athenian noble requested by citizens to create a law code
Draco – 621 BCE
Athenian noble requested by citizens to create a law code
Credited with putting down first written laws of Athens
Severe law code (modern English term draconian meaning “severe” or “harsh”)
Written and publicly displayed
Importance of this?
You could get the death penalty for stealing a cabbage. Y’all. Also, Draco in HP!

39. Athens was in decline; Solon rewrote Draco’s laws to save the polis
Solon – 594 BCE
Athens was in decline; Solon rewrote Draco’s laws to save the polis
Created new constitution
All citizens could participate in the legislature
Ended debt enslavement
Limited amount of land a person could own
Possible anecdote: Discussion of United States laws which benefit the poor.

40. “Father of Athenian democracy” Created Council of 500
Cleisthenes – 508 BCE
“Father of Athenian democracy”
Created Council of 500
Created and administered laws after they were approved
“Executive power” branch
Ten generals called strategi
Elected for one year
Possible anecdote: Compare and contrast the reforms of Clisthenes with the laws and government of the modern United States.

41. Citizenship granted to some former slaves and immigrants
Cleisthenes – 508 BCE
Citizenship granted to some former slaves and immigrants
Ostracism
People who were a threat to democracy
Tyrants, or someone with too much power
Names written on ostrakon (piece of broken potsherd) once a year
Most votes = ten years of exile
Possible anecdote: Compare and contrast the reforms of Clisthenes with the laws and government of the modern United States.

42. “Golden Age of Pericles” – 461-429 B.C.E.
Repeatedly elected as a strategus
All citizens could hold public office
Paid people for government service
Instituted direct democracy – all citizens can vote
Possible anecdote: Discussion of payment for government service, and the reality that before this was the case, only the wealthy could afford to serve in government.

43. Pericles – BCE
“What you leave behind is not what is engraved in stone monuments, but what is woven into the lives of others.”
Possible anecdote: Discussion of payment for government service, and the reality that before this was the case, only the wealthy could afford to serve in government.

44. Began a “direct democracy” – a democracy in which every citizen votes
QUICK DISCUSSION
Began a “direct democracy” – a democracy in which every citizen votes
Possible anecdote: Discussion of payment for government service, and the reality that before this was the case, only the wealthy could afford to serve in government.

45. Is there a downside of a direct democracy?
QUICK DISCUSSION
Is there a downside of a direct democracy?
Is there a downside of democracy in general?
Possible anecdote: Discussion of payment for government service, and the reality that before this was the case, only the wealthy could afford to serve in government.

46. Athenian Democracy: Its Flaws
Athens’ adult population, 4th century BCE: around 300,000
~160,000 foreigners and slaves (not citizens)
~110,000 women and others
~40,000 male citizens with voting rights
Direct democracy – the citizen had to be there to vote (typically 5,000-6,000 voted at a time)
Orators often used forceful and coercive language, rather than logic, to sway voters
Possible anecdote: Rights of women today. Compare and contrast direct democracy and representative democracy. Discuss problems inherent to reliance on slave labor.

47. CLOSURE
Under which of the governmental forms – monarchy, aristocracy, oligarchy, tyranny, or direct democracy – would you rather live? Why?
Predict: Athens is experimenting with democracy, and those democratic ideals begin to spread. How is that going to affect civilizations around the polis? What might happen? Why?
Possible anecdote: Rights of women today. Compare and contrast direct democracy and representative democracy. Discuss problems inherent to reliance on slave labor.