1. Plant Overview and Reproduction
Pre-AP Biology
Mrs. Scott

2. What Is a Plant? Members of the kingdom Plantae
Plants are multicellular eukaryotes
Plants have cell walls made of cellulose.
Plants develop from multicellular embryos and carry out photosynthesis using the green pigments chlorophyll a and b

3. Overview of the Plant Kingdom
Botanists divide the plant kingdom into four groups based on three important features:
Water conducting tissues
Seeds
Flowers

4. Bryophytes: Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts.
During at least one stage of their life cycle, bryophytes produce sperm that must swim through water to reach eggs of other individuals.
Therefore, they must live in places where there is rainfall or dew for at least part of the year
Seedless vascular plants include club mosses, horsetails, and ferns.
Like other vascular plants, ferns and their relatives have true roots, leaves, and stems.
Seed plants are divided into two groups:
Gymnosperms: Cone plants
Bear their seeds directly on the surfaces of cones
Ex.) conifers, pines, spruces, cycads, ancient ginkgoes and gnetophytestr
&
Angiosperms: Flowering plants
Bear their seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed
Ex.) grasses, flowering trees shrubs, wild flowers

6. The Plant Life Cycle Characterized by alternation of generations:
the two generations are the haploid (N) gametophyte, or gamete-producing plant, and the diploid (2N) sporophyte, or spore-producing plant.

8. Monocots and Dicots
Monocots and dicots are named for the number of seed leaves, or cotyledons, in the plant embryo. Monocots have one seed leaf, and dicots have two seed leafs

10. Ultraviolet Flowers

24. Reproduction of Seed Plants
Chapters 24

25. Life Cycle of Gymnosperms
Reproduction in gymnosperms takes place in cones
Male cones produce – pollen grains
Female cones produce – ovules

28. Flowers and Fruits
Angiosperms have unique reproductive organs known as flowers.
Q: Why are flowers evolutionary adaptations?
A: they attract animals that pollinate them

30. Structure of Flowers
Flowers are reproductive organs that are composed of 4 kinds of specialized leaves

32. Sepals
Enclose the bud before it opens, leaf-like

33. Petals
Brightly colored, attract insects to flower

34. Stamen Male reproductive structure of flower, made of 2 parts Anther
Filament – long, thin, stalk that supports the anther
Anther – makes pollen grains
Anther
Filament
Anther + Filament = Stamen

37. Pistil
Female reproductive structure, made of 3 parts

38. Stigma
where pollen grains land, sticky

39. Style
Connects stigma to ovary
Style

40. Ovary
swollen base of the pistil where ovules are formed

42. Flowers contain ovaries, which surround and protect the seeds
After pollination, the ovary develops into a fruit, which protects the seed and aids in its dispersal.

43. Fruit
Ripened ovary, thick wall of tissue that surrounds the seed

45. Pollen
Pollen Grain
Contains the male gamete

46. Pollination
The transfer of pollen from the male gametophyte to the female gametophyte

47. Seeds
An embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply

48. Embryo Early development stage of a sporophyte plant
The seed’s food supply provides nutrients to the embryo as it grows

49. Seed Coat
Surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps the contents of the seed from drying out
Can be specialized for dispersal

51. Pollination Most gymnosperms (some angiosperms) are wind pollinated
Most angiosperms are pollinated by animals
Insect pollination beneficial to insects and other animals: provides them with food
Plants also benefit: this method of pollination is more efficient
Q: What kind of symbiotic relationship is this?
A: Mutualism

52. Seed Dispersal
Animals
Wind and water