1. A participle is an adjective that has been created out of a verb!
Participles
A participle is an adjective that has been created out of a verb!

2. Present Active Participle
Use the second principal part…remove the -re to get
the present stem
add “-ns” = “-ing” amans = loving
after the nominative, “-ns” becomes “-nt + third declension
endings” … hence, amantem = loving amantes = loving
The action of the present active participle always happens at
the same time as the action of the main verb…and indicates
what someone is doing.
All present active participles are third declension adjectives.

3. Puer, currens ad villam, canem amisit
Puer, currens ad villam, canem amisit. The boy, [while] running towards the house, lost the dog. The running happened at the same time as the losing.

4. Perfect Passive Participle
The Perfect Passive Participle is the fourth principal
part!
amo, amare, amavi, amatus –a –um = having been loved
The Perfect Passive Participle indicates action that
has happened to a noun (rather than something the
noun has done).
The action of the Perfect Passive Participle always
happens before the action of the main verb.

5. Puer, a matre laudatus, laetissimus erat. (n. b
Puer, a matre laudatus, laetissimus erat. (n.b. laudatus modifies puer) The boy, [having been] praised by his mother, was very happy. Femina, a maritō amata, ei cenam optimam paravit. (n.b. amata modifies femina) The woman, loved by her husband, prepared an excellent dinner for him.

6. Perfect Active Participle
Perfect Active Participles are the last principal parts of ‘deponent’ verbs
They are formed just like perfect passive participles, but they always have an active meaning and always indicate action that happened before the action of the main verb.
precatus –a –um = having prayed
locutus –a –um = having spoken
profectus –a –um = having set out

7. Senex, deam precatus, e templo exiit. (n. b
Senex, deam precatus, e templo exiit. (n.b. precatus modifies senex) The old man, having prayed to the goddess, left the temple. Milites, ad proelium profecti, celeriter incesserunt. (n.b. prefecti modifies milites) The soldiers, having set out to the battle, marched quickly.