1. 1st Quarter Benchmark Review
CIVICS

2. 12.1 Students explain the fundamental principles and moral values of American democracy as expressed in the U.S. Constitution and other essential documents of American democracy.
.3 Explain how the U.S. Constitution reflects a balance between the classical republican concern with promotion of the public good and the classical liberal concern with protecting individual rights; and discuss how the basic premises of liberal constitutionalism and democracy are joined in the Declaration of Independence as "self-evident truths."
.5 Describe the systems of separated and shared powers, the role of organized interests (Federalist Paper Number 10), checks and balances (Federalist Paper Number 51), the importance of an independent judiciary (Federalist Paper Number 78), enumerated powers, rule of law, federalism, and civilian control of the military.

3. 12.4 Students analyze the unique roles and responsibilities of the three branches of government as established by the U.S. Constitution.
.1 Discuss Article I of the Constitution as it relates to the legislative branch, including eligibility for office and lengths of terms of representatives and senators; election to office; the roles of the House and Senate in impeachment proceedings; the role of the vice president; the enumerated legislative powers; and the process by which a bill becomes a law.
.4 Discuss Article II of the Constitution as it relates to the executive branch, including eligibility for office and length of term, election to and removal from office, the oath of office, and the enumerated executive powers.

4. 12.9 Students analyze the origins, characteristics, and development of different political systems across time, with emphasis on the quest for political democracy, its advances, and its obstacles.
.1 Explain how the different philosophies and structures of feudalism, mercantilism, socialism, fascism, communism, monarchies, parliamentary systems, and constitutional liberal democracies influence economic policies, social welfare policies, and human rights practices.
.3 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of federal, con federal, and unitary systems of government

5. Please take out your Benchmark Review worksheet
1st Quarter Benchmark = Tomorrow!
Benchmark Review worksheet due Tomorrow = 8 points
Homework: STUDY - STUDY!

6. Unit 1: What is Government? Standard 12.9.3
Unitary System – gives all “key” powers to the national or central government
States are created and given limited sovereignty
Great Britain, Italy, France
Efficient but too much centralized power

7. Confederal(Confederacy) – a loose union of independent states
The U.S. Articles of the Confederation failed before the Constitution instituted a Federal System

8. U.S. after 13 colonies became states
Federal System/Federalism – divides the powers of government between national and state governments
U.S. after 13 colonies became states
“We the people, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility…”
The preamble to the Constitution shows the new govt. meant to increase cooperation among the states
Federalism combines concern with the public good and protection of individual rights

9. Popular Sovereignty – In the U.S., the people have all authority
“We the people…” Constitution preamble
“Government derives it power from the consent of the governed” Declaration of Ind.

10. Steps toward Democracy
The Declaration of Independence
Written by Thomas Jefferson to create a new govt.
Natural/unalienable rights are “self evident” and given by God and are a vital part of Democracy
“life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”
“Governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed (the people)”

11. Two forms of Democracy
Direct Democracy – people vote to make any decisions
Representative Democracy – people elect representatives and give them the power and responsibility to make laws and conduct government
Republic – voters hold sovereign power and elected representatives are responsible to the people to exercise that power…”We the people…”

12. Unit 2: The Constitution & Federalism Standard 12.1.5
Constitution – a written plan for the rules of government
Constitutional Government – a government of limited powers
It limits the power of those who govern
It Values the “Rule of Law”-all persons (individuals and government) are subject to law
This helps to establish the idea of a “government of laws, not men”
representative democracy, republic, and constitutional republic all mean: “a system of limited government with representatives where people are the ultimate source of governmental power”

13. “Protect the public good” Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
Classical Conservative (Republican) view
“Protect the public good”
Thomas Jefferson
Classical Liberal view
“Protect individual rights

14. Characteristics of a Constitutional Democracy
Individual Liberty
Majority Rule with Minority Rights
Without a Constitution, we would have a “Tyranny of the majority”
Free Elections
“One person, one vote” – all votes are equal
Open elections
Secret ballots
Competing Political parties

15. The Federalist Papers – a series of articles written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay to promote a “Federal System” and the Constitution
The Federalist #10 – arguments for a Representative Democracy
Tyranny of the majority is a risk
Factions always exist
Opposition is best handled by a Representative Democracy
A “bill of Rights” protects against tyranny of the majority

16. The Federalist #51 – Separation of powers, checks and balances
Government reflects imperfect human nature
3 branches of govt. are needed
Separation of powers
Checks and balances (ex. Executive branch vetoes bills)
“the accumulation of all govt. powers in the same hands is the definition of tyranny”
James Madison
Representative Democracy is based on the two major principles of:
Federalism (ex. State and federal govt. both can tax and establish courts)

18. Powers of the National Government
delegated powers, meaning that it only has those powers delegated (granted) to it in the Constitution.
The expressed powers are those found directly within the Constitution.
The implied powers are not expressly stated in the Constitution, but are reasonably suggested, or implied by, the expressed powers.
The inherent powers belong to the National Government because it is the government of a sovereign state within the world community.
Chapter 4, Section 1

19. The States Powers Reserved to the States
The 10th Amendment declares that the States are governments of reserved powers.
The reserved powers are those powers that the Constitution does not grant to the National Government and does not, at the same time, deny to the States.
Powers Denied to the States
Just as the Constitution denies many powers the National Government, it also denies many powers to the States.
Powers denied to the States are denied in much the same way that powers are denied to the National Government; both expressly and inherently.
Chapter 4, Section 1

20. The Division of Powers
The federal system determines the way that powers are divided and shared between the National and State governments.
Chapter 4, Section 1

21. Clause 18 – The: “Elastic Clause” or “Necessary and Proper Clause”
Congress can pass other laws needed to implement provisions of the Constitution.
The basis for “implied powers” which are not stated in the Constitution but implied to be given
No powers are added but gives congress the ability to decide “HOW” clauses 1-17 will be exercised
Although no more powers are given, Congress has tried to interpret this clause to use more power

22. Unit 5: The Legislative Branch Standard 12.4.1

23. House of Representatives (435 members)
1. 2 years Terms
2. 25 yrs. old/ 7 yrs. citizen
3. propose tax laws
4. can impeach the president.

24. Senate (100 members) 5. Senators serve a 6-year term
6. A senator must be 30 years old to be elected and have been a citizen for 9 years
7. Can approve presidential appointments
8. Ratifies treaties with foreign governments
9. Can try the president after impeachment

25. Both together
10. Can propose laws
11. Can declare war
12. Can override the president’s veto with a 2/3 vote
13. Can propose amendments to the Constitution with a 2/3 vote

26. Clause 4 – President of the Senate
The Vice President of the U.S. presides over the Senate
Does not debate or vote unless there is a tie

27. Clause 6 – Impeachment trials The House must first vote to impeach
Impeachment: To bring formal charges of high crimes and misdemeanors against a high official.
Clause 6 – Impeachment trials
The House must first vote to impeach
The Senate has the power to “try” impeachment proceedings
The Senate chamber is the “Court” for an impeachment
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is the judge
The Senate is the Jury
A 2/3 vote is needed to convict
Clause 7 – Impeachment penalties
A conviction requires removal from office only
There may be a separate criminal court trial

28. Clause 2 – How a bill becomes a law To become a law, A bill has to:
Pass both houses of congress
Be signed by the President or if he doesn’t veto it within 10 days
The President may “veto” (forbid) a bill
It is then returned to the house where it originated with an explanation by the President
Congress may change the bill to get the president’s approval
The Conference Committee is designed to find a compromise on conflicting versions of a bill
The majority of bills introduced in Congress die in committee

29. President, Vice President, Cabinet
Executive
President, Vice President, Cabinet
Enforces Laws

30. The President serves a 4-year term.
Term limits = 22nd amendment
The president must be at least 35 years old, a 14- year resident, and native born
Has power to approve or veto laws
Make treaties with foreign governments.
Nominates judges to the Supreme Court
Appoints cabinet members
Is Commander-in-Chief of U.S. military forces

31. Why did the framers put civilians in charge of the military?
The framers believed that too strong a military would jeopardize personal liberties
The framers believed that military force must always be conditioned by diplomacy.
Since the president has enumerated powers to make treaties and develop foreign policy so the framers saw the military as extension of this power.