1. Journal #8 Monopoly – sole control over an industry
Strait – a narrow sea passage
Circumnavigate – to sail completely around something

2. Bonus Questions What are the middle ages? Explain Feudalism
What document written in 1215 was an inspiration for the U.S. Constitution?
The 150 years of fighting between Christians and Muslims are called what?

3. Early Voyages and Explorers

4. Why Did People Want to Explore/Travel to America?
The 3 G’s
Gold – meaning actual gold or anything that would make them money
Glory – fame for being the first to discover something
God – for spiritual purposes, to convert Native Americans and for religious freedom

5. The Search for a Route to “the Indies”
“The Indies” meant all of Asia at this time
Italy had a monopoly on European trade with Asia in the 1400s
Other countries wanted a sea route to Asia, Portugal and Spain are leaders in this search (question 3)
Prince Henry of Portugal gathered information about navigation, sailing, mapmaking, and shipbuilding
They create the caravel 
Portugal began to explore the world

6. Bartolomeu Dias Portuguese captain
In 1487, he leads an expedition along the African coast
A storm blows his ship off course, when he lands he learns that he has sailed around the Southern tip of Africa
As Portugal sets up colonies in Africa, the African slave trade begins

8. Columbus’ Bold Idea
Christopher Columbus thought he could reach Asia by sailing west over the Atlantic
People thought he was crazy, some thought the Atlantic was 10,000 miles across
Columbus was a very skilled sailor
Columbus eventually gets King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to pay for his trip

9. Columbus Sets Sail
On August 3, 1492, Columbus sets sail with 3 ships from the Canary Islands
Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria
90 sailors in all
After a month with no land, the men get nervous
On October 12, 1492 Columbus lands in the Bahamas
He thought he was in “the Indies” or Asia

10. Columbus Explores and Returns to Spain
Columbus explores the other islands, he calls the people “Indians”
He finds some gold and treasure and decides to return to Spain in 1493
The Santa Maria sinks before he can go, he leaves 38 men behind at La Navidad (Haiti)
Natives destroy the town, everyone is killed
Columbus returns to Spain with a hero’s welcome – he is appointed Royal Governor of the Indies

11. Columbus’ Death Columbus made 3 more trips to the Caribbean
He fought with Spanish officials and the King stripped him of his title of “Royal Governor”
In 1506, after 2 years of poor health, Columbus dies and very few people notice

12. Explorers After Columbus and Columbus’ Legacy
2.2

13. Vasco da Gama Portugal chooses him to lead an expedition around Africa
He successfully sails around Africa to SW India
He builds trading forts in Africa, India, and China
Other nations decide to explore Columbus’ route

15. Amerigo Vespucci
An Italian explorer who reached South America with a Spanish expedition
He realizes there are more than just islands
He wrote many exaggerated stories about his travels
A German mapmaker publishes a book and map with Vespucci’s new continents
He calls them North and South America

16. Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Spanish explorer who hears of another sea over the mountains in the “new world”
He crosses Panama on foot and sees an ocean which he names the “South Sea”
Before he can sail to the “South Sea” he is executed for treason in 1519

17. Ferdinand Magellan
A Portuguese sea captain who thought he could sail west to Asia
Spanish officials give him 5 ships, he leaves in 1519
He crosses the Atlantic and heads south, finally finding the Magellan Strait
After the strait, the sea turns calm and Magellan’s men call these new waters the Pacific (peaceful) Ocean
After reaching the Indies, Magellan is killed
18 of his original 240 men make it back to Spain in 1522, becoming the first people to circumnavigate the globe
It took 3 years to go 40,000 miles
They actually made a profit from all of the cloves they brought back!

19. A Shift in Trade
The Atlantic Ocean became a gateway to Africa, America, and India.
Western and northern Europe becomes the center of world trade
Portugal comes to control 75% off the spice trade, Spain also profits
The Atlantic is also seen as the key to unlocking resources in America
In the 1500s Europeans cross the Atlantic to catch cod near Canada

20. The Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, people and diseases between the Americas and the world, this started with Columbus in 1492
Plants: corn, potatoes, tomatoes to Europe and wheat and barley from Europe to America
Animals: beaver pelts to Europe and cattle, horses and pigs to America
People: explorers, settlers, and slaves to America, some Indians were brought back to Europe
Disease: smallpox, measles, and typhus to America, minor diseases to Europe. This devastated Native Americans.
Significance: The Columbian Exchange changed the lives of people in the Americas. This was a very one-sided process with much more coming to America than going back to Europe/Africa/Asia.