1. Conflict & Absolutism in Europe
Ch. 18
Conflict & Absolutism in Europe

2. Spain King Philip II of Spain
Inherited vast empire, Spain and the Netherlands
Demanded strict adherence to Catholicism and the authority of the crown
Calvinists revolt in the Netherlands in 1609
Spanish Armada fails to invade England
Spanish empire loses territory and power
England and France grow in power

3. Holy Roman Empire The Thirty Years’ War
Began as protestant rebellions against Holy Roman Empire
Most of Europe became involved
Struggle for power
Ended with Treaty of Westphalia in 1648
Gave more power and territory to France, Sweden
The Holy Roman Empire ceased to exist
Hundreds of years before reunification

4. France Louis XIV (The Sun King) 72 year reign
Ruled during French Exploration of New World
France became leading world power
Believed in divine right of kings
Absolute power
Economy strained under his rule
Built Palace of Versailles- $$$
Foreign wars & colonies- $$$

5. Calvinists in France were called Huguenots
Small % of population, but most were nobles
Sought to take power from monarchy
Persecuted by Catholics
Edict of Nantes (1598) ends fighting
Catholicism is official religion of France
Huguenots were free to practice their own religion
Could now hold political office as well

6. Russia Isolation Ivan the Terrible unified and expanded Russia
Asian influence (Mongols conquered part)
Eastern Orthodox
Western Europe is Catholic and Protestant
Geographically separated from Europe
Ivan the Terrible unified and expanded Russia
Was a cruel ruler
Replaced by the Romanov Dynasty

7. Peter the Great Westernized Russia Improved military
Large standing army and navy
Western architecture
Modernization of society
Western dress, made men cut their beards
Divided Russia into provinces

8. England House of Tudor Edward VI Henry VII was the first Tudor to rule
Henry VIII established the Anglican Church
Married 6 times, had 3 children
Edward VI
Youngest of Henry’s offspring, but only male heir
Took power at age of 9
Responsible for many reforms in the Anglican Church
Chronic health problems
Fell ill & died at 15
Named his Protestant cousin, Jane Grey, as his successor

9. Spanish princess, devout Catholic
Mary I
Eldest of Henry VIII’s children
Daughter of Catherine of Aragon, Henry’s 1st wife
Spanish princess, devout Catholic
Had Jane Grey beheaded & claimed power
Restored Roman Catholicism to England
Persecuted religious dissenters- “Bloody Mary”
Died after 5 years of rule

10. Elizabeth I Elizabeth took throne after Mary died
Daughter of Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn (2nd wife)
Restored the Church of England
Kept some Catholic traditions within the church
Puritans wanted to rid church of all Catholic practices
Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots
Mary plotted to kill Elizabeth
Catholics again attempting to end Anglican rule
Elizabeth had Mary beheaded
Never married, died with no heir

11. James I Son of Mary, Queen of Scots Believed in divine right of kings
Shouldn’t have to share power with Parliament
Puritans did not like the king’s support of the Anglican church
Wanted to make it more Protestant
Puritan numbers grew, formed a large part of House of Commons

12. Charles I Son of James I Believed in absolute power of a king
Faced same issues with Parliament as his father
Tried to impose more ritual on the Church of England
Thousands of Puritans left for America

13. Parliament opposed his tax measures
Sent him the Petition of Rights
The king could not tax people without Parliament’s permission
The king could not declare martial law
He could not board soldiers in private homes during peace times
The king could not imprison people without a specific charge
Charles signed petition, but ignored it

14. The Long Parliament Parliament wanted to be in charge of the army
Charles refused to compromise, led troops into House of Commons to arrest opponents
Neither side would compromise
As a result Civil War broke out in 1642

15. The English Civil War Cavaliers Roundheads
Called royalists, supported the king
Roundheads
Supported Parliament
Oliver Cromwell
Organized New Model Army and defeated Charles
Charles I tried for treason, executed

16. Rump Parliament (“The Leftover Parliament”)
Cromwell expelled any members of Parliament who did not support him
Proclaimed England a commonwealth
Abolished monarchy and House of Lords
Cromwell had difficulty working with Rump Parliament
Dispersed it by force, set up military dictatorship
Cromwell ruled harshly until his death (5 years)

17. Restoration Cromwell’s rule was unpopular
Parliament invited son of Charles I to return
Charles II restored monarchy
Policies of religious tolerance fueled protestant fear that he would bring back Catholicism
Parliament passed the Test Act
Only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices

18. Charles II converted to Catholicism on his deathbed
Had no legitimate children
His Catholic brother James II assumed power upon his death
Began appointing Catholics to positions of power
Catholic monarchy  possible rebellion

19. The Glorious Revolution
English nobles invite Dutch leader William of Orange to invade England
Much of James II’s army defects as William’s army marches to London
James flees to France
Bloodless transfer of power in English monarchy

20. English Bill of Rights William agreed to the following:
Parliament can make laws & levy taxes
Only Parliament can raise an army, not the king
Trial by jury
Right to bear arms
Created a constitutional monarchy

21. Changes in English Government
Toleration Act
Religious freedoms for Puritans, but not Catholics or Jews
Act of Settlement
Catholics are disqualified from ruling England
Act of Union
United England and Scotland into Great Britain
Ireland added later