1. Click to add Text Ballast Water and Invasive Species Md. Badyuzzaman

2. Click to add Text Refarences: source: Globast/GEF, UNDP, IMO- posterhttps://www.epa.vic.gov.au/ https://www.epa.vic.gov.au/ https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife- Guide/Threats-to-Wildlife/Invasive-Species https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife- Guide/Threats-to-Wildlife/Invasive-Species https://www.exactearth.com/products/exactais- density-maps https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife- Guide/Threats-to-Wildlife/Invasive-Species Photos are collected from web

3. Click to add Text Ballast Water Ballast water is water carried in ships’ ballast tanks to improve stability, balance and trim. It is taken up or discharged when cargo is unloaded or loaded, or when a ship needs extra stability in poor weather.

4. Click to add Text Ballast Water

5. Click to add Text Vessel traffic densities from AIS data Around 12 billion tonnes of ballast water annually moves across the world each year, http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14776/en

6. Click to add Text Invasive Species "Invasive species"—they may not sound very threatening, but these invaders, large and small, have devastating effects on wildlife. An invasive species can be any kind of living organism an amphibian, plant, insect, fish, fungus, bacteria, or even an organism’s seeds or eggs—that is not native to an ecosystem and causes harm. They can harm the environment, the economy, or even human health. Species that grow and reproduce quickly, and spread aggressively, with potential to cause harm, are given the label “invasive.”

7. Click to add Text Some Notable Examples of invasive species Mitten CrabComb Jelly Zebra Mussel Overbite Clam Phytoplankton

8. Click to add Text How do they get here? Commercial ships responsible for up to 80% of introductions in coastal habitats. Includes ballast water and vessel fouling Vessel FoulingBallast Water

9. Click to add Text Ballast Water and Invasive Species Approximately 7000 species transported around the world each day in ballast water of ships Volume of global trade is increasing = more ballast water (and species) in movement Speed of global trade is increasing = more species survive transit Examples of species introduced to SF Bay as a result of ballast water discharge: Palaemon macrodactylus Philine auriformis Tridentiger barbatus

10. Click to add Text Examples of Impacts Toxic Algae (Red/Brown/Green Tides) Various species Toxic algae may form harmful algae blooms, and can cause massive kills of marine life. Some species may contaminate shellfish and cause fisheries to be closed. Consumption of these contaminated shellfish by humans may cause severe illness and even death.

11. Click to add Text Biological Impacts of Ballast water IVS 1. An invasive species can displace or out compete native animals and plants for food or space. 2. An invasive species can cause the extinction of native species by introducing new diseases and/or parasites or preying on natives and wiping them out. 2. They can drastically disrupt fragile marine ecosystems. 4. They harm the environment by reducing water quality in some way.

12. Click to add Text Economic Impacts of Ballast water IVS 1. Invasions can reduce marine production rates, and affect marine fisheries 2 Combating invasions can be costly (i.e., bio- control, mechanical clean-up, use of chemicals) 3. Control costs are usually passed onto consumers and general taxpayers.

13. Click to add Text Early dominance by plants, currently most new invaders are invertebrate animals 1810-18391840-18691870-18991900-1929 1930-19591960-1990 1991-2005 Invasion History in Great Lakes Number of Species Fish Algae Plants Invertebrates Holeck et al. (2004), Bioscience

14. Click to add Text Theory Behind BW Exchange I.Coastal organisms won’t survive in nutrient poor mid-ocean conditions II.Mid-ocean water – density of organisms (# organisms/volume water) is less, mid-ocean species not likely to survive in brackish and/or polluted conditions found in most estuaries and port regions III.Reduced number organisms + reduced likelihood of survival = reduced chance of invasion

15. Click to add Text International Maritime Organization i.This Convention becomes effective after one year when the ratification by 30 countries occurs. ii. Unfortunately, only 18 countries have ratified. iii.This represents less than 16 percent of the world shipping tonnage.

16. Click to add Text Estimated number of vessels which need to be fitted with BW treatment systems in the near future

17. Click to add Text Ballast Water Treatment Performance Standards Organism Size Class California 1,2 IMO Regulation D-2 1 Washington Organisms greater than 50 µm in minimum dimension No detectable living organisms < 10 viable organisms per cubic meter Technology to inactivate or remove: 95% zooplankton 99% bacteria and phytoplankton Organisms 10 – 50 µm in minimum dimension < 0.01 living organisms per ml < 10 viable organisms per ml Organisms less than 10 µm in minimum dimension Escherichia coli Intestinal enterococci Toxicogenic Vibrio cholerae (01 & 0139) < 10 3 bacteria/100 ml < 10 4 viruses/100 ml < 126 cfu 3 /100 ml < 33 cfu/100 ml < 1cfu/100 ml or < 1cfu/gram wet weight zoological samples < 250 cfu/100 ml < 100 cfu/100 ml < 1 cfu/100 ml or < 1 cfu/gram wet weight zooplankton samples Ballast Water Capacity of Vessel Standards apply to new vessels in this size class constructed on or after Standards apply to all other vessels in this size class beginning in < 1500 metric tons 20092016 < 1500 – 5000 metric tons 20092014 > 5000 metric tons 20122016

18. Click to add Text Thank you for your attention!