1. Organization of the Periodic Table of the Elements

2. Basic Organization of the PT
Read the Periodic Table from left to right, like a book.
Elements are arranged horizontally according to increasing atomic number. (#1-112, )
Elements are arranged vertically according to valence electron structure. (Valence electrons are the outermost electrons, farthest away from the atom’s nucleus. The nucleus is in the center of the atom.)
Elements of the same family have the same number of valence electrons. The gaps are necessary in order to line the members of the family up correctly.
Some elements are not on the chart because they do not have an official name, yet. [Some elements are not found in nature and are only made in a very sophisticated laboratory. Element #113 has never been made.]

3. PERIODS –or- SERIES of the Periodic Table
ALL ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED in ORDER of INCREASING ATOMIC NUMBER.
THERE ARE 7 ROWS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE CALLED PERIODS –or-SERIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 7 87 88 89
104
105
106
107
108
109 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
100
101
102
103
NOTICE THESE TWO ROWS TAKEN OUT OF PERIODS 6 & 7, AND PLACED AT THE VERY BOTTOM.

4. CATEGORIES of the Periodic Table
THE PERIODIC TABLE CAN BE DIVIDED INTO 3 SMALLER CATEGORIES:
Metals; Metalloids; Nonmetals. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

5. CATEGORIES of the Periodic Table
The Metals…. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
METALS
METALS

6. CATEGORIES of the Periodic Table
The Nonmetals…. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H
NONMETALS

7. CATEGORIES of the Periodic Table
The Metals, Metalloids and Nonmetals
NONMETALS 1 H 2 3 4 5 6 7
METALLOIDS B Si Ge As
METALS Sb Te Po At

8. The First Family of the PT is called the Alkali Metals
The First Family of the PT is called the Alkali Metals. Hydrogen is not an alkali metal BUT it has 1 valence electron, like the alkali metals in group #1. 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H A L K I M E T S

9. The Second Family of the PT is called the Alkaline Earth Metals
The Second Family of the PT is called the Alkaline Earth Metals. (Group #2). Each member has 2 valence electrons. 1 2 Be 3 Mg 4 Ca 5 Sr 6 Ba 7 Ra A L K I N E R T H M S

10. Organization of the Periodic Table of Elements
The Middle and Bottom Sections of the PT are called the Transition Metals (Groups #3-12; Bottom Series 6 & 7) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
The valence electrons of the transition metals vary in number and cannot be easily predicted without more knowledge about electron structure or configuration.
THE TRANSITION
METALS
THE INNER TRANSITION
METALS
CHEM by Gloria

11. Organization of the Periodic Table of Elements
The bottom two rows of the Periodic Table, the Inner Transition Metals, are also called the Lanthanide Series and the Actinide Series. (Bottom Series 6 & 7) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Lanthanum #57
to Lutetium # 71
Actinium #89
to Lawrencium # 103
LANTHANIDE SERIES
INNER TRANSITION METALS
ACTINIDE SERIES
CHEM by Gloria

12. The 13th Family of the PT is called the Boron Family
The 13th Family of the PT is called the Boron Family. (Group #13) Each member has 3 valence electrons. 1 13 2 B 3 Al 4 Ga 5 In 6 Tl 7 B O R N F A M I L Y

13. The 14th Family of the PT is called the Carbon Family
The 14th Family of the PT is called the Carbon Family. (Group #14) Each member has 4 valence electrons. 1 2 14 15 16 17 C 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Si Ge Sn Pb C A R B O N F M I L Y

14. The 15th Family of the PT is called the Nitrogen Family
The 15th Family of the PT is called the Nitrogen Family. (Group #15) Each member has 5 valence electrons. 1 2 13 14 15 N 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 P As Sb Bi N I T R O G E F A M L Y

15. The 16th Family of the PT is called the CHALCOGENS
The 16th Family of the PT is called the CHALCOGENS. Each member has 6 valence electrons. 1 2 13 14 15 16 O 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 S Se Te Po C H A L
OGE N S

16. The 17th Family of the PT is called the HALOGENS. (Group #17)13 14 15 16 17 2 F 3 Cl 4 Br 5 I 6 At 7
The HALOGENS, Family #17,
have 7 valence electrons. H A L O G E N S

17. No family of elements has more than 8 valence electrons.
The 18th Family of the PT is called the NOBLE GASES. (Group #18) Each member has 8 valence electrons, (EXCEPT He only has 2 valence electrons). 18 N O B L E G A S 1 13 14 15 16 17 He 2 Ne 3 Ar 4 Kr 5 Xe 6 Rn 7
No family of elements has more than 8 valence electrons.
Helium only has 2 valence electrons.

18. Valence Electrons of SOME Families
EXCEPT HELIUM HAS ONLY 2 VALENCE ELECTRONS 1 18 1 V A L E N C T R O 2 13 14 15 16 17 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
LOOK AT THE DIGIT IN THE ONE’S PLACE OF THE FAMILY NUMBER 8 V A L E N C T R O S 2 V A L E N C T R O S 3 V A L E N C T R O S 4 V A L E N C T R O S 5 V A L E N C T R O S 6 V A L E N C T R O S 7 V A L E N C T R O S
These elements, in the Transition Metal Family, have different valence electrons depending on their environment.

19. ORGANIZATION of the PERIODIC TABLE of the ELEMENTS
The Periodic Table of the Elements is a way to arrange the elements to show a large amount of information and organization.
We number the elements, beginning with hydrogen, number one, in up to the largest number (118). The Periodic Table is arranged in order of increasing atomic number. The atomic number is unique for each element.

20. ATOMIC NUMBER
The atomic number is the number listed just above, or on some charts, below the element symbol.
The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of the element. [It also gives the number of electrons in the atom.]
The atomic number is always the whole number. Whereas the atomic mass is a decimal number for most elements.
Every element has a different atomic number.

21. Which is the atomic number?
The atomic number is always a whole number and smaller than the mass number. 12 Mg
Magnesium
24.01 84 Po
Polonium
(209)
196.97 Au
Gold 79

22. Again, which is the atomic number?
All periodic tables are designed differently. The sure way to figure out which number is the atomic number is to look for a key for the chart or it will always be a whole number. If there are 2 whole numbers, like the example here, then it is the smaller of the two whole numbers. 84 Po
Polonium
(209)
KEY
Atomic Number
Element Symbol
Element Name
Average Atomic Mass 11 Na
Sodium
22.99

23. Mass Number
The mass number is the atomic mass (aka atomic weight) rounded to the nearest whole number.
The mass number equals the number of protons and neutrons added together.

24. A Short Practice of Rounding Mass Numbers:
ATOMIC MASS
MASS NUMBER
HYDROGEN, H 1.01 CHLORINE, Cl STRONTIUM, Sr 87.62
ROUNDS TO 1 ROUNDS TO 35 ROUNDS TO 88

25. Mass Number, Atomic Number and the Subatomic Particles
There are 3 subatomic particles that make up an atom of an element.
The 3 particles are called the proton, the neutron, and the electron.
The mass number and atomic number are used to determine the subatomic particles of an element.

26. Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons
The atomic number gives the number of protons and electrons.
The mass number minus the atomic number gives the number of neutrons.
For example, Fluorine as an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19. Fluorine has 9 electrons and 9 protons.
Fluorine has……… = 10 neutrons.

27. Cl Zn Complete the chart. 17 35 18 30 35.45 65.39 Element
Atomic Number
Atomic
Mass
Number
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons Cl 17
35.45 35 18 Zn 30
65.39

28. Cl Zn 65 Complete the chart. 17 35 18 30 35.45 65.39 Element
Atomic Number
Atomic
Mass
Number
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons Cl 17
35.45 35 18 Zn 30
65.39 65

29. Some of the Families of Elements The First Family, The Alkali Metals
Na K
Rb
Cs
Fr
Some of the Families of Elements The First Family, The Alkali Metals
One family of elements is the alkali metals: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium.
These elements, found in column 1 of the periodic table, have a single valence electron.
They are all soft, silvery gray solids with a clearly metallic luster.
They are all very reactive, and their reactions with water are vigorous.
These elements do not occur free in nature but are found combined with other elements, often with chlorine. The most common of these compounds is sodium chloride (table salt). Sodium chloride, NaCl, is the substance that makes seawater salty; it is also found in huge underground deposits (salt mines).

30. The Second Family The Alkaline Earth Metals
Be:
Mg:
Ca:
Sr:
Ba:
Ra:
The alkaline earth metals, another family, are the elements in column 2 of the periodic table.
These metals are harder and stronger than the alkali metals.
They, too, are found in combination with other elements.
Although all alkaline earth metals have similar chemical reactivity, they have a wider range of reactivity than do the alkali metals.
Beryllium and magnesium are unaffected by water, calcium reacts slowly with boiling water, and barium reacts violently with cold water.

31. Cu copper Au Gold THE TRANSITION METALS Some transition metals….. W
THE TRANSITION METALS ARE VERY GOOD CONDUCTORS OF HEAT and ELECTRICITY.
THEY HAVE VERY HIGH MELTING and BOILING POINTS.
THEY ARE DUCTILE and MALLEABLE.
Some transition metals….. Cu
copper Au
Gold W
Tungsten

32. F Cl Br I At The Halogens, Family 17
The elements of Group 17, with seven valence electrons, are known as the halogens.
Chemically, these elements are very similar; physically, they are less alike.
The lightest halogen, fluorine, is a pale yellow gas; iodine is a shiny, black solid. The heaviest halogen, astatine, is quite rare and is found in uranium ores.
The total amount of astatine in the Earth's crust is probably less than 1 g. The longest-lived isotope of this element, astatine-210, has a half-life of only 8.3 hours. Several characteristic properties of halogens are shown in the Table on the next slide. Notice how these properties change as the atomic number increases.

33. Properties of the Halogens
Organization of the Periodic Table of Elements
Properties of the Halogens
Name
Symbol
Atomic Number
Lewis Dot
Atomic Mass
Relative
Radius
Melting
Point (C)
Fluorine F 9
19.00
0.50
-219.6
Chlorine Cl 17
35.45
0.91
-101.0
Bromine Br 35
79.90
1.22
-7.2
Iodine I 53
126.9
1.34
113.7
Astatine At 85
[210]
1.42
302
NOTICE ALL THE DOTS, WHICH REPRESENT THE
7 VALENCE ELECTRONS, ARE THE SAME FOR THE HALOGENS.
THIS IS PRECISELY WHY THESE ELEMENTS ARE IN THE SAME FAMILY. Cl Br I At
CHEM by Gloria

34. He Helium The Noble Gases 2 3 Ar 4 5 6 Ne
Period
FAMILY 17 2
NEON Ne 3
ARGON Ar 4
KRYPTON Kr 5
XENON Xe 6
RADON Rn
The Noble Gases
The first Noble Gas is Helium. Helium has 2 valence electrons. All the other Noble Gases have 8 valence electrons. THE Noble Gases are the most stable family, chemically speaking, on the Periodic Table. He
Helium

35. Organization of the Periodic Table of Elements
RECAP:
The Periodic Table is a highly organized and useful tool to chemists.
The Periodic Table is organized in horizontal rows called periods or series and are arranged according to increasing atomic number.
The Periodic Table is organized in vertical columns called families or groups. Elements with the same number of valence electrons are placed in the same families.
CHEM by Gloria

36. ACCORDING TO THEIR ATOMIC NUMBER
QUIZ SLIDE #1
HOW ARE THE ELEMENTS LISTED ON THE PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS?
ANSWER:
ACCORDING TO THEIR ATOMIC NUMBER

37. Periods  -or- Series QUIZ SLIDE #2 Answer:
What are the horizontal rows called?

Answer:
Periods
-or-
Series

38.   Families –or- Groups QUIZ SLIDE #3 Answer:
What are the vertical columns called?  
Answer:
Families
–or-
Groups

39. QUIZ SLIDE #4
Name the element in Period 3 and Column Number 15;
WRITE ITS MASS AND ATOMIC NUMBERS IN THE CORRECT POSITIONS ABOUT ITS SYMBOL.
Answer:
PHOSPHORUS; 31 P 15

40. QUIZ SLIDE #5
How many protons, electrons, and neutrons does phosphorus have? 31 P 15
Protons: 15
Electrons : 15
Neutrons: 16

41. QUIZ SLIDE #6
Name the element in Period 6 and Column Number 6;
WRITE ITS MASS AND ATOMIC NUMBERS IN THE CORRECT POSITIONS ABOUT ITS SYMBOL.
Answer:
TUNGSTEN;
184 W 74

42. QUIZ SLIDE #7
How many protons, electrons, and neutrons does Tungsten have?
184 W 74
Protons: 74
Electrons : 74
Neutrons: 110

43. Quiz #11
Name the Family of Elements with 7 valence electrons:

44. Quiz #11 Name the family of elements with 7 valence electrons.13 14 15 16 17 2 F 3 Cl 4 Br 5 I 6 At 7
The HALOGENS, Family #17 have 7 valence electrons. H A L O G E N S

45. Helium only has 2 valence electrons.
Quiz #12 Name the element in the Noble Gas Family that has only 2 valence electrons. 18 N O B L E G A S 1 13 14 15 16 17 He 2 Ne 3 Ar 4 Kr 5 Xe 6 Rn 7
Helium only has 2 valence electrons.
All the rest of the Noble Gases have 8 valence electrons.