1. PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

2. Click Below & Enjoy a Periodic Table Tune!
periodic table song

3. Founding Scientists Mendeleev:
WRITE
Mendeleev:
proposed 1st periodic table where elements were arranged according to ATOMIC MASS.
Moseley:
revised periodic table and arranged elements according to ATOMIC NUMBER.

4. Elements are arranged:
Vertically into Families
Horizontally Into Periods

5. Why?

6. If you looked at one atom of every element in a group or family you would see…

7. Each atom has the same number of electrons in it’s outermost shell, the same number of valence electrons.
An example…

8. The group 2 atoms all have 2 electrons in their outer shells
Be (Beryllium)
Atom
Mg (Magnesium) Atom

9. Families
WRITE
The number of outer or “valence” electrons in an atom effects the way an atom bonds.
The way an atom bonds determines many properties of the element.
This is why elements within a family usually have similar properties, both chemical and physical.

10. If you looked at an atom from each element in a period
you would see…

11. Each atom has the same number of electron holding shells.
An example…

12. The period 4 atoms each have 4 electron containing shells
4th Shell
K (Potassium)
Atom
Kr (Krypton)
Atom
Fe (Iron) Atom

13. ACTIVITY
TO GET A BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND APPRECIATION FOR THE STRUGGLES AND METHODOLOGY EARLY SCIENTISTS USED TO ARRANGE THE ELEMENTS AND FIND TRENDS IN THEIR PROPERTIES, YOU WILL NOW COMPLETE THE INDEX CARD ACTIVITY.

14. Each FAMILY has distinct PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL properties
The periodic table is divided into several FAMILIES based on the properties of different atoms.
Label your periodic table with the following families of elements, color coding them if you want:
WRITE

15. Soft, silvery colored metals
Alkali Metals
Soft, silvery colored metals
Very reactive!!!

16. reactions of alkali metals
CLICK ON THE LINK BELOW TO
VIEW A VIDEO:
reactions of alkali metals

17. Alkali Metals reacting with water:
Li (Lithium)
Na (Sodium)
K (Potassium)
Rb (Rubidium)
Cs (Cesium)
What would you expect from Francium?!?!

18. Reactivity of Metals
WRITE
As observed on the video, lithium is reactive, sodium is more reactive, potassium is even more reactive!
Cesium blows out the wall of the glass container!!!
Label your periodic table with the following:
Most reactive metals are in the bottom left of the periodic table!

19. Alkaline Earth Metals
Silvery-White Metals
Fairly reactive
Many are found in rocks in the earth’s crust

20. Click on the link below to view a video
reactions of the alkaline earth metals

21. WRITE
Reactivity of Metals
Once again, as seen on the video, the reactivity of the alkaline earth metals increases as we go down the family!
However, these metals are not as reactive as the alkali metals in the same period!
So Mg is less reactive than Na, but more reactive than Be!!!
Location allows prediction of reactivity!

22. Transition Metals
Most are good conductors of electricity
Malleable (easily bent/hammered into wires or sheets)

23. Click on the link below to view a video:
properties of transition metals

24. How many things can you think of that have transition metals in them?

26. Metalloids elements highlighted in pink
These elements have properties of both metals and non-metals
Highlight these on your periodic table

27. What are semiconductors (metalloids) used in?
Si (Silicon) and Ge (Germanium) are very important “semi-conductors”

28. Halogens
Most are Poisonous
Fairly reactive

29. Chlorine Gas was used as a chemical weapon during World War I.
It was used by the Nazis in World War II.

30. CLICK BELOW TO VIEW A VIDEO OF THE HALOGENS
REACTIVITY OF THE HALOGENS

31. Reactivity of the Nonmetals
As observed on the video, fluorine is the most reactive of all of the nonmetals!
Most reactive nonmetals are at the top right of the periodic table (excluding the noble gases of course)!
Label your periodic table accordingly!!
Most reactive nonmetal
WRITE

32. Noble Gases
Unreactive
Gases at room temperature

33. Jellyfish lamps made with noble gases artist- Eric Ehlenberger

34. Colors Noble Gases produce in lamp tubes:
Ne (Neon): orange-red
Ar (Argon): pale lavender
He (Helium): pale peach
Kr (Krypton): pale silver
Xe (Xenon): pale, deep blue

35. Lanthanide Series
Actinide Series

36. Periodic Table & Trends repeating or cyclical patterns on the table
WRITE

37. Periodic Law
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When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic #, elements with similar properties appear at regular intervals. K Na Li Ar Ne

38. ATOMIC RADIUS TRENDS LARGEST ONES ARE THE ALKALI METALS IN THE ROW
SMALLEST ONES ARE THE NOBLE GASES IN THE ROW

39. Atomic Radius
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Increases DOWN
Decreases ACROSS

40. Atomic Radius Down a Family: Atomic Radius INCREASES
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Down a Family: Atomic Radius INCREASES
WHY? More energy levels with each consecutive period.
Across a Period: Atomic Radius DECREASES
WHY? Effective nuclear force increases because the attraction of the nucleus for the electron cloud increases.

41. the energy required to remove an
Ionization Energy
WRITE
the energy required to remove an
electron from an atom.
Across a Period: Ionization Energy INCREASES
WHY? It becomes increasingly more difficult to remove an electron from an atom.
Down a Group: Ionization Energy DECREASES
WHY? It becomes increasingly less difficult to remove an electron from an atom.

42. IONIZATION ENERGY TRENDS
WRITE
HIGHEST I.E. BELONG TO THE NOBLE GASES
LOWEST I.E. BELONG TO THE ALKALI METALS

43. Ionization Energy First Ionization Energy Increases to the RIGHT
WRITE
First Ionization Energy
Increases to the RIGHT
Decreases DOWN a family

44. Ionic Radius Cations (+) atoms lose e- get smaller Anions (–)
WRITE
Cations (+)
atoms lose e-
get smaller
Anions (–)
atoms gain e-
get larger
© 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

45. Electronegativity
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the tendency for an atom to attract electrons to itself when it is chemically combined with another element
ECl > ENa
Example: NaCl Cl takes e- away from Na

46. ELECTRONEGATIVITY TRENDS
WRITE
HIGHEST ELECTRONEGATIV ITY IS FLUORINE
fluorine
chlorine
bromine
LOWEST ELECTRONEGATITIES BELONG TO THE NOBLE GASES

47. ELECTRONEGATIVITY

48. Electronegativity Across a Period: Electronegativity INCREASES
WRITE
Across a Period: Electronegativity INCREASES
WHY? Fluorine has a very high tendency to attract electrons within a bond due to a high effective nuclear force.
Down a Group: Electronegativity DECREASES
WHY? Elements in a group have decreasing effective nuclear force. Atoms tend to give up electrons more easily the lower you go on the periodic table.

49. Summary of Trends WRITE
Increasing Ionization Energy Increasing Electronegativity Decreasing Size Decreasing Ionization Energy Decreasing Electronegativity Increasing Size
Put these directly on
your periodic table
as a summary of the
trends

50. Examples
Which atom has the larger radius?
Be or Ba
Ca or Br Ba Ca

51. Examples
Which atom has the higher 1st I.E.?
N or Bi
Ba or Ne N Ne

52. S or S2- Al or Al3+ S2- Al Examples
Which particle has the larger radius?
S or S2-
Al or Al3+
S2- Al

53. COMPARISON OF METALS AND NONMETALS
WRITE
METALS
NONMETALS
Lose electrons easily
Low ionization energies
Low electronegativities
Form positive ions that are smaller than the atoms from which they come
Gain electrons easily
High ionization energies
High electronegativities
Form negative ions that are larger than the atoms from which they come

54. For the Test, know the following
The people and vocabulary
The families and periods
The trends in reactivity, electronegativity, ionization energy, and size (explanations)
Metal/nonmetal differences