1. Table of Contents Chapter 37
Insects
Chapter 37
Section 1 The Insect World Section 2 Insect Behavior
Table of Contents

2. Objectives Chapter 37 Section 1 The Insect World
Relate the major characteristics of insects to insects’ biological success.
List both harmful and beneficial effects of insects on human society.
Describe the external structure and organ systems of a grasshopper.
Compare incomplete and complete metamorphosis in insects.
Describe defensive adaptations in insects.
Objectives

3. Characteristics and Classification of Insects
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
The insect body is divided into three tagmata:
The _________ has mandibles and one pair of unbranched antennae.
The __________ has three pairs of jointed legs and, in many species, one or two pairs of wings.
The _______________ has 9 to 11 segments but neither wings nor legs in adults.
Characteristics and Classification of Insects

4. Exploration of an Insect
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
Exploration of an Insect

5. Comparison of Crustaceans and Insects
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
Comparison of Crustaceans and Insects

6. Characteristics and Classification of Insects
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
The study of insects and other terrestrial arthropods is called _______________, and the scientists who engage in it are known as entomologists.
Entomologists classify insects into more than ___ orders based on characteristics such as:
structure of mouthparts
number of wings
type of development
Characteristics and Classification of Insects

7. Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
Insect Diversity

8. Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
Common Insect Orders

9. Characteristics and Classification of Insects, continued
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
The Success of Insects
Insects live in almost every terrestrial and freshwater environment.
Factors responsible for their success include:
__________________
Characteristics and Classification of Insects, continued

10. Characteristics and Classification of Insects, continued
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
Insects and People
Insects negatively affect humans by:
___________________
destroying buildings and other manufactured products
Insects benefit humans by:
_________________________________
recycling nutrients in ecosystems
Characteristics and Classification of Insects, continued

11. The Grasshopper Chapter 37 External Structure
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
External Structure
The body of a grasshopper has three tagmata:
The head bears the mouthparts, a pair of unbranched antennae, and pairs of simple and compound eyes.
The thorax is composed of the _____________, the ______________, and the _______________.
The abdomen has upper and lower plates.
The rigid exoskeleton and its waxy cuticle covering are adaptations for a terrestrial life.
The Grasshopper

12. External Anatomy of a Grasshopper
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
External Anatomy of a Grasshopper

13. The Grasshopper, continued
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
Feeding and Digestion
Insect mouthparts are adapted for different functions in different species.
Grasshoppers feed on plants, and their mouthparts are modified for cutting and chewing leaves and blades of grass.
The _________ and __________ are mouthparts that function like upper and lower lips, respectively.
The Grasshopper, continued

14. Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
Insect Mouthparts

15. The Grasshopper, continued
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
Circulation, Respiration, and Excretion
Insects have an open circulatory system that transports nutrients through the body.
Gas exchange occurs by means of air-filled _______________ that reach deep into the body.
Malpighian tubules remove cellular wastes from the hemolymph while conserving water.
The Grasshopper, continued

16. The Grasshopper, continued
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
Neural Control
The grasshopper’s central nervous system consists of a brain and a ventral nerve cord with ganglia located in each body segment.
Nerves extend from the brain to sensory structures.
Insect sensory structures include :
simple and compound eyes
sensory hairs on antennae and other body parts
in some species, a sound-sensing tympanum
The Grasshopper, continued

17. Internal Anatomy of a Grasshopper
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
Internal Anatomy of a Grasshopper

18. The Grasshopper, continued
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
Reproduction
Grasshoppers have separate sexes, as do all insects.
During mating, the male deposits sperm into the female’s seminal receptacle, where the eggs are fertilized internally.
The last segment of the female’s abdomen forms the _______________, which she uses to lay fertilized eggs.
The Grasshopper, continued

19. Insect Development Chapter 37 Most insects go through metamorphosis.
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
Most insects go through metamorphosis.
In _____________________________, a nymph hatches from an egg and resembles the adult but has undeveloped reproductive organs and no wings. The nymph molts several times to become an adult.
In __________________________, a wormlike larva called a caterpillar hatches from an egg and molts several times before becoming a pupa. The pupa molts to produce the adult, which resembles neither the larva nor the pupa.
Insect Development

20. Incomplete Metamorphosis
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
Incomplete Metamorphosis

21. Complete Metamorphosis
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
Complete Metamorphosis

22. Incomplete Versus Complete Metamorphosis
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
Incomplete Versus Complete Metamorphosis

23. Insect Development, continued
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
Importance of Metamorphosis
Complete metamorphosis allows larvae and adults of the same species to avoid competing for space and food.
Metamorphosis also allows insects to survive periods of harsh weather or scant resources.
Insect Development, continued

24. Life Cycle of a Monarch Butterfly
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
Life Cycle of a Monarch Butterfly

25. Insect Defense Chapter 37 Insects may defend themselves by:
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
Insects may defend themselves by:
_______________
using _________________
releasing noxious chemicals
Insects that are dangerous or taste bad often have warning coloration that makes them recognizable to predators.
The warning coloration of a dangerous species may be mimicked by harmless species.
Insect Defense

26. Digestive Tract of a Bee
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
Digestive Tract of a Bee

27. Tracheal System of a Beetle
Section 1 The Insect World
Chapter 37
Tracheal System of a Beetle

28. Section 2 Insect Behavior
Chapter 37
Identify three ways that insects communicate, and give an example of each.
Describe the social organization of honeybees.
Explain how honeybees communicate information about the location of food.
Objectives

29. Communication Chapter 37 Insects communicate by behaviors such as:
Section 2 Insect Behavior
Chapter 37
Insects communicate by behaviors such as:
releasing __________________________
producing sounds
producing flashes of light
Communication

30. Behavior in Honey Bees Chapter 37
Section 2 Insect Behavior
Chapter 37
Social insects live in complex groups or colonies.
The division of labor among social insects creates interdependence and a need for communication.
The social behavior of these insects is genetically determined behavior, or __________________.
Honeybee colonies consist mostly of female ____________________. They perform all duties but they do not produce their own offspring.
Reproduction in each colony is the exclusive function of one queen bee and a few hundred male drones.
Behavior in Honey Bees

31. Behavior in Honey Bees, continued
Section 2 Insect Behavior
Chapter 37
Worker bees perform many functions during their lifetime, which lasts about six weeks.
At one stage, worker bees are called nurse bees and secrete ________________, which they feed to the queen and youngest larvae.
The queen bee develops when selected larvae are fed a continuous diet of royal jelly.
As a new queen matures, she secretes _____________________, which prevents other female larvae from developing into queens.
Behavior in Honey Bees, continued

32. Behavior in Honey Bees, continued
Section 2 Insect Behavior
Chapter 37
The Dances of the Bees
Honeybees communicate the direction and distance to food sources by performing dances inside the hive.
Honeybees use two types of dances:
The _________________indicates that a food source is nearby.
The ____________________indicates the direction of food and the food’s distance from the hive.
Behavior in Honey Bees, continued

33. Behavior in Honey Bees, continued
Section 2 Insect Behavior
Chapter 37
Altruistic Behavior
In defending the colony, worker bees show ______________________toward their close relatives in the colony.
By working for the colony, the worker bees increase the propagation of their own genes.
Behavior in Honey Bees, continued

34. Multiple Choice Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
1. What are an insect’s legs and wings attached to? A. head B. thorax C. labrum D. abdomen
Multiple Choice

35. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
1. What are an insect’s legs and wings attached to? A. head B. thorax C. labrum D. abdomen
Multiple Choice, continued

36. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
2. What are the mouthparts of a grasshopper specialized for? F. sucking fluids G. lapping up liquids H. cutting and tearing fibers J. filtering food out of muddy water
Multiple Choice, continued

37. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
2. What are the mouthparts of a grasshopper specialized for? F. sucking fluids G. lapping up liquids H. cutting and tearing fibers J. filtering food out of muddy water
Multiple Choice, continued

38. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
3. What is the term for the immature form of an insect that undergoes incomplete metamorphosis? A. adult B. pupa C. infant D. nymph
Multiple Choice, continued

39. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
3. What is the term for the immature form of an insect that undergoes incomplete metamorphosis? A. adult B. pupa C. infant D. nymph
Multiple Choice, continued

40. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
The illustration below shows the life cycle of a butterfly. Use the illustration to answer the questions that follow.
Multiple Choice, continued

41. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
4. What kind of life cycle is shown? F. direct development G. seasonal development H. complete metamorphosis J. incomplete metamorphosis
Multiple Choice, continued

42. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
4. What kind of life cycle is shown? F. direct development G. seasonal development H. complete metamorphosis J. incomplete metamorphosis
Multiple Choice, continued

43. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
5. What is the term for the developmental stage labeled C? A. pupa B. larva C. nymph D. caterpillar
Multiple Choice, continued

44. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
5. What is the term for the developmental stage labeled C? A. pupa B. larva C. nymph D. caterpillar
Multiple Choice, continued

45. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
6. queen factor : queen bee :: royal jelly F. drone G. worker H. queen bee J. pheromone
Multiple Choice, continued

46. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
6. queen factor : queen bee :: royal jelly F. drone G. worker H. queen bee J. pheromone
Multiple Choice, continued

47. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
The diagram below shows the external structure of a grasshopper. Use the diagram to answer the questions that follow.
Multiple Choice, continued

48. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
7. What is the term for the structure(s) labeled D? A. thorax B. labrum C. abdomen D. antennae
Multiple Choice, continued

49. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
7. What is the term for the structure(s) labeled D? A. thorax B. labrum C. abdomen D. antennae
Multiple Choice, continued

50. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
8. Which of the following structures is part of the structure labeled B? F. ovipositor G. mandibles H. tympanum J. malphigian tubules
Multiple Choice, continued

51. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
8. Which of the following structures is part of the structure labeled B? F. ovipositor G. mandibles H. tympanum J. malphigian tubules
Multiple Choice, continued

52. Short Response Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
Defensive adaptations in insects increase the chances of insects’ survival. Distinguish between passive defenses and aggressive defenses, and give two examples of each.
Short Response

53. Short Response, continued
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
Defensive adaptations in insects increase the chances of insects’ survival.
Distinguish between passive defenses and aggressive defenses, and give two examples of each.
Answer:
Passive defenses don’t involve behavior. Examples include camouflage, warning coloration, being poisonous, or tasting bad. Aggressive defenses involve aggressive behavior, such as stinging a potential predator or spraying it with a noxious chemical.
Short Response, continued

54. Extended Response Chapter 37 Standardized Test Prep
Base your answers to parts A & B on the information below. Farmers often try to limit the number of insects on crops by applying chemical insecticides to the crops. Sometimes, an insecticide that had previously been effective no longer affects certain types of insects. Part A Why do farmers try to control insects? Part B How can the effect of insecticides on certain insect populations change?
Extended Response

55. Extended Response, continued
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
Answer
Part A
Insects can cause extensive crop damage.
Part B
Insecticides may control pest populations at first. However, insects with genes that confer pesticide resistance may survive and reproduce in large numbers while non- resistant insects die off. The result is an insect population that has evolved resistance to the insecticide.
Extended Response, continued