1. The Central Nervous System (CNS)

2. Learning Goals Learn the vocabulary Form and function
Relation to homeostasis
Textbook pg

3. Introduction Flowchart
The Nervous System
The Central
Nervous System (CNS)
The Peripheral
Nervous System (PNS)

5. CNS Protection
1. Meninges: three layers of tissue (meninga = membrane)

6. 2. Cerebrospinal fluid: circulates through the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain; cushions brain from impacts, gives it nourishment, protects it from toxins

7. 3. Blood-brain barrier:
selected substances enter the cerebrospinal fluid (O2, glucose, alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, anaesthetics…)
Keeps out viruses, bacteria, toxins

8. The Spinal Cord
Nerve bundles emerges from the brain through the foramen magnum
Extends downward through a hole (foramen) within the vertebrae

9. butterfly-shaped core of Grey matter (dendrites, cell bodies)
surrounded by White matter (axons)
KNOW THIS DIAGRAM

10. Dorsal Root – afferent axons enter & make synapses with interneurons in the grey matter
Interneurons connect the dorsal root & the ventral root to each other & the brain.
interneurons send info to the brain & the brain send info back
Ventral Root – efferent axons carry information from spinal cord to peripheral muscles, organs and glands.

11. The Brain Humans pride themselves over animals, however…
We lack strength and agility, our hearing, vision, sense of smell are relatively unimpressive, we reproduce slowly… BUT…

12. What makes Homo sapiens unique is intellect and reasoning

14. Regions of Brain

15. Hindbrain Located at the rear of the skull Oldest portion of the brain
Consists of:
Medulla Oblongata –involuntary behaviors such as breathing (detects CO2 in blood), heart rate, digestion etc.
Cerebellum –motor responses, balance, fine motor skills
Pons – bridge between the cerebellum and the medulla

16. Midbrain Along with hindbrain, called the brain stem
Relays information between the brain and the eyes and the ears.
Visual attention is linked to midbrain

17. Forebrain Uppermost region of the brain
Derived character in H. sapiens
Highly folded = more complex
Makes up most of the brain
Forms the cerebrum
most developed part of brain
Sensory, motor activities

18. Cerebral Cortex
Surface of cerebrum
Higher mental functions such as thinking, planning.
Divided into hemispheres (L and R) by corpus callosum.
Has fissures that increase surface area
Divided into lobes

19. Each Hemisphere can be broken down into 4 lobes:
Function
Frontal lobe
- movement of voluntary muscles
(e.g. walking and speech).
intellectual activities, planning
judgement
- personality.
Temporal Lobe
- vision and hearing.
memory
interpretation of sensory information.
Parietal Lobe
- touch and temperature
emotions
interpreting speech.
Occipital Lobe
vision
interprets visual
information.

20. Hypothalamus Regulates basic homeostatic functions of the body
Important part of endocrine system.
Produces hormones and governs the release
of hormones from the pituitary

21. Basal Nuclei (ganglia):
Thalamus:
sorts sensory info
like switchboard
Sleepiness, wakefullness
Basal Nuclei (ganglia):
controls and coordinates voluntary movements
Damage and Parkinson’s Disease

22. Cerebellum
Separate from brain stem
Receives sensory input
Integrates info for balance, movement

23. Corpus Callosum Experiments
part 1 (5:45)
part 2 (4:34)

24. Learning Goals Learn the vocabulary Form and function
Relation to homeostasis