1. Spread of Cholera

2. Chain of Infection Infectious agent Reservoir host Portal of exit
Route of transmission
Portal of entry
Susceptible host

3. Chain of Infection

4. The Chain of Infection Infectious Agent Reservoir Host
Susceptible Host
Portal of Exit
Portal of Entry
Mode of Transmission

5. Infection Control Defense mechanisms Scope of problem
Nosocomial infection
Handwashing
Industrial illness
Needlestick injuries

6. Infection Control
Regulatory agencies
CDC
OSHA

7. Asepsis The state of being free from disease-causing contaminants
Medical asepsis or clean technique
Free of living pathogenic microorganisms
Surgical asepsis or sterile technique
Absence of viable pathogenic organisms

8. Breaking the Chain
Breaking just one link, stops the infection

9. Break the Chain ID source of infecting microorganism
Stop means of transmission
Protect susceptible host
Hand washing
Decontaminate surfaces and equipment
Avoid contact when contagion
Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Follow isolation precautions

10. Maximize Resistance Provide good hygiene
Ensure proper nutrition and fluid intake
Decrease stressors that weaken the immune response

11. Normal Flora
Resident flora: microorganisms that normally inhabit specific sites of the human body
No problem in one area, infection in another
Transient flora: microorganisms that are not normally present
Can cause infection

12. Normal Flora Use standard precautions Hand washing
Removes transient flora
Diminishes resident flora

13. Standard Precautions Follow at ALL times
Prevents contact with microbes
Blood
Body fluids, secretions, and excretions except sweat
Nonintact skin
Mucous membranes

14. Standard Precautions are
Hand washing
PPE
Patient-care equipment
Environmental control
Linen
Needle disposal

15. Isolation Consequences to patient Transmission-based precautions
Airborne precautions
Droplet precautions
Contact precautions
Neutropenic precautions

16. Methods to Inhibit or Destroy Microbes
Bacteriostatic
Bacteriocidal or germicidal
Antiseptics- kill microorganisms
Disinfectants- kill microorganisms on non-living objects
Sterilization- kills all forms of microbial life

17. The Risks Blood-borne pathogens Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D
HIV

18. Tuberculosis (TB) Airborne pathogen
Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
No prevention
Skin test give for detection
Still a problem in the United States
Drug-resistant strains developing

19. Drug Resistant Organisms
Developed from overuse of antibiotics
Developed from patients who do not complete antibiotic treatment
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRSA)
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)

20. Reporting exposure
Any exposure to blood or body fluids must be reported immediately
Written incident or injury report
Exposure Control Plan
Scrubbing: