1. The Human Body
GPS Standards S7L2c: Explain that cells are organized into tissues, tissues into organs, organs into systems, and systems into organisms, S7L2d: Explain that tissues, organs, and organ systems serve the needs cells have for oxygen, food, and waste removal, S7L2e: Explain the role of the major organ systems in the human body.
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2. What are Anatomy and Physiology?
Anatomy – the study of the structure of the body and the relationships of the various parts of the body.
Physiology – the study of the functions of the parts of the body, includes specific organ systems.

3. Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical – atoms combine to form molecules
Cellular – molecules interact to make up cells
Tissue – cells are grouped into tissue
Organ – tissues compose organs
Organ system – organs function together to form organ systems
Organism (individual) – made up of the organ systems
(S7L2c)

4. Levels of Structural Organization
Atoms
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

5. Types of Tissues Your body has 4 types of tissues:
Epithelial – covers and protects (skin)
Connective – joins, supports, protects, insulates, nourishes & cushions organs
Muscle – cells that can contract and relax to produce movement
Nervous – sends electrical signals throughout the body (brain, nerves, sense organs)

6. Necessary Life Functions I
Respiration – oxygen is taken in from the environment and transported to all cells in the organism for use at cellular level
Digestion – breakdown of ingested food to provide glucose and other nutrients to all cells in the organism for use at the cellular level
Excretion – removal of wastes from the body
Movement – locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility
Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them

7. Necessary Life Functions II
Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body
Reproduction – cellular and organism levels
Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells
Organism – sperm and egg cells unite to make a whole new person
Growth – increase in size of a body part or of the organism

8. (S7L2d) What a Body Needs…… Remember what we learned earlier?
C6H12O6 + O2 =
CO2 + H2O + energy
Oxygen and Food (glucose) are required by the body and used to make ATP in the Mitochondria. ATP is a molecule that stores energy in a form that cells can use. CO2 and water are produced as waste which must be removed.
The systems in the body work together to provide food and oxygen for cellular respiration and to remove the waste that is produced.
(S7L2d)

9. (S7L2e) Organ Systems There are 11 major organ systems: Integumentary
Muscular
Skeletal
Cardiovascular
Nervous
Lymphatic
Digestive
Endocrine
Respiratory
Urinary
Reproductive
(S7L2e)

10. Organ Systems Integumentary system Forms the external body covering
Composed of skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D

11. Organ Systems Skeletal system
Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
Protects and supports body organs
Provides the framework for muscles
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals

12. Organ Systems Muscular system Composed of muscles and tendons
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat

13. Organ Systems Cardiovascular system
Composed of the heart and blood vessels
The heart pumps blood
The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body

14. Organ Systems Lymphatic system
Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
Houses white blood cells involved with immunity

15. Organ Systems Respiratory system
Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

16. Organ Systems Digestive system
Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and liver
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces

17. Organ Systems Urinary system
Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood

18. Organ Systems Endocrine system
Provides for control of long term processes including fluid balance, growth, development
Composed of glands that produce hormones
Includes pituitary, thyroid, adrenal and thymus glands, as well as pancreas and reproductive organs

19. Organ Systems Nervous system
Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
Is the fast-acting control system of the body
Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands

20. Organ Systems Sensory Organs
Ability to sense changes in the environment
Includes skin, eyes, ears, nose & tongue
Vision, touch, hearing, smell & taste

21. Organ System Interrelationships
The integumentary system protects the body from the external environment
Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with the external environment, take in nutrients and oxygen
Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by the blood
Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary and respiratory systems

22. Additional Resources How the Body Works Website:
Human Anatomy Online:
Enchanted Learning Handouts