1. UNIT 8 - REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL & SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS

2. UNIT 8 - REPRODUCTION Life on Earth has existed for 4 BILLION years
It is reproduction that has made the continuation of life possible
ALL living creatures reproduce

3. UNIT 8 - REPRODUCTION Reproduction ensures SURVIVAL of the species
Each species reproduces using its own unique method. There are many different forms
They reproduce either ASEXUALLY or SEXUALLY

4. ASEXUAL & SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL reproduction requires involvement of only ONE living organism.
- It does NOT depend on the presence of MALE or FEMALE parts.
- This form of reproduction produces offspring that ARE IDENTICAL to the parent

5. ASEXUAL & SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL reproduction requires involvement of TWO PARENTS: a MALE and a FEMALE
- The offspring may share many similarities to their parents, they possess UNIQUE genetic make up that consists of a combination of genes from BOTH parents

6. ASEXUAL & SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Lilac trees can reproduce • Starfish can reproduce both
both ways. There flowers ways. They can find a mate
SEXUALLY and their shoots (base) SEXUALLY or they can regrow
ASEXUALLY from a parent cell ASEXUALLY

7. REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
Plants can reproduce Asexually and Sexually.
Asexually:
Many plants reproduce from their OWN organism – root, stem, or leaf
Sexually:
Three ways – flowers, cones, or spores and seeds

8. REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
GYMNOSPERM – means naked seed. Coniferous trees produce this. Seeds develop in female cones once the ovules have been fertilized.
ANGIOSPERM – means enclosed seed. Flowering plants produce this. They need to pollinated (think bees). Pollination leads to fertilization where both the male and female gametes combine

9. REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
SEED DISPERSAL –
There are 5 AGENTS of dispersal:
1) Animals
2) Water
3) Wind
4) The Plant itself (plants shoot the seed out)
5) Humans

10. REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS
Invertebrates – (97% of all animal species) can reproduce both Asexually and Sexually
Vertebrates – can only reproduce Sexually
Asexual reproduction –
Individual animals produce BUDS that develop directly on the parent. Once they reach maturity, they break off and become independent.

11. REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS
Sexual reproduction –
Many animals reproduce differently.
Male animals produce MALE GAMETES or SPERMATOZOA
Female animals produce FEMALE GAMETES or OVA (eggs)
To be successful, sexual reproduction needs 2 things:
The male and female gametes must be in the same place at the same time (to create a ZYGOTE)
The zygote must obtain nutrients and protection to survive. It must also get warmth and moisture for its developement

12. REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS
Fertilization occurs when the sperm and the egg of a single species combine.
2 Types of Fertilization
External (release gametes, zygotes are created outside)
Internal (male gamete released directly into female)
Hermaphrodites have BOTH male and female reproductive organs

13. REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS
ALL humans begin their life as a tiny fertilized egg (ZYGOTE)
ZYGOTE first few days
EMBRYO fist few weeks
FETUS unborn baby (40 weeks)
40 weeks can be broken down into TRIMESTERS:
First Trimester (Week 1 to 13) By week 4 embryo has grown 500 times the original size – measures 8-10cm by the end
Second Trimester (Week 14 to 26) Measures 27-35cm long. Most organs are present. Can hear, breath, and has fingerprints
Third Trimester (Week 26 to birth) Measures 50cm. Immune system has developed. Recognizes moms voice and can distinguish light & dark

14. REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS (MALES)

15. REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS (MALES)
ORGAN
FUNCTION
SCROTUM
Pouch that contains the testicles. Maintains temperature.
TESTICLES
Contains the seminiferous tubules
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
Produce an average of 400 million spermatozoa a day
EPIDIDYMIS
Sperm is stored here in wait for ejaculation
VAS DEFERENS
Sperm enters before being released
PROSTATE
Produce semen that contains sperm, nourishes and increases ejaculation release
URETHRA
Semen flows through this at the tip of the penis
COWPER’S GLAND
Releases a fluid in urethra to neutralize the acid of the urine which would threaten the health of the sperm

16. REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS (FEMALES)

17. REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS (FEMALES)
ORGAN
FUNCTION
OVARIES
Two ovaries that release one ovum every other month (28 days)
FOLLICLES
Each follicle contains a single egg, and brings it to maturity
FALLOPIAN TUBES
The egg is released and travels through the fallopian tubes lasting 24 to 48 hours where it can be fertilized
UTERUS
A hollow pear shaped organ. The ZYGOTE develops in the uterus
VAGINA
The passage where the penis penetrates to release its sperm. The baby also comes out through the vagina

18. REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS (FEMALES)
THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
28 day cycle that starts with MENSTRUATION (your period) First 4 days
Next 10 days (to DAY 14) is a lead up to fertilization – OVULATION
Last 14 days the body prepares for the fertilized egg or it tears it down and prepares for menstruation and a new cycle

19. REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS
STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Early Childhood
Childhood
Adolescence
Adulthood

20. REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS
PUBERTY
Happens during adolescence
Hormones increase – rapid growth
MALES
FEMALES
Increase hormone production (TESTOSTERONE)
Increase hormone production (ESTROGEN & PROGESTERONE)
Major production of Spermatozoa begins
Eggs start getting released every 28 days (a girl’s period)
Hair and Muscle growth
Breast development
Deeper Voices
Widening of hips

21. REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS
SEX & FAMILY PLANNING
Creating the optimum opportunity to prepare for pregnancy OR pregnancy prevention
Men produce sperm EVERYDAY
Women have a Menstruation cycle EVERY MONTH

22. REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS

23. REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS

24. REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS

25. REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS
STI’S
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
SYPHILIS
GONORRHEA
CHLAMYDIA
VIRAL INFECTIONS
HEPATITIS B
HIV / AIDS
CONDYLOMA (genital warts)
GENITAL HERPES

26. REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS
STI’s