1. Aldehydes and Ketones— Nucleophilic Addition
Chapter 21
Aldehydes and Ketones—
Nucleophilic Addition

2. 1. Introduction

3. 2. Nomenclature of Aldehydes

5. 3. Nomenclature of Ketones
common names

6. Two examples of ketone nomenclature
most common acyl groups:

7. 3. Physical Properties

8. 4. Interesting Aldehydes and Ketones

9. 5. Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
Common methods to synthesize aldehydes:

10. Common methods to synthesize ketones:

11. Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones

12. 6. Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones—General
[1] Reaction at the carbonyl carbon.
[2] Reaction at the  carbon.

15. Cl¯, Br¯ and I¯ are good nucleophiles in substitution reactions at sp3 hybridized carbons, but they are ineffective nucleophiles in addition.

16. 7. Nucleophilic Addition of H¯ and R¯
Hydride reduction occurs via a two-step mechanism.

17. Nucleophilic addition occurs via a two-step mechanism.

18. 8. Nucleophilic Addition of ¯CN

19. Cyanohydrins can be reconverted to carbonyl compounds by treatment with base.
The cyano group of a cyanohydrin is readily hydrolyzed to a carboxy group by heating with aqueous acid or base.

20. 8. The Wittig Reaction

22. Wittig reagents are synthesized by a two-step procedure.

23. Mechanism of the Wittig reaction.

24. Limitation of the Wittig reaction

25. Advantage of the Wittig reaction

26. 9. Addition of 10 Amines—Formation of Imines

29. In imine formation, mild acid is needed

31. The key reaction in the chemistry of vision

32. 10. Addition of 2° Amines—Formation of Enamines

35. Imine and Enamine Hydrolysis

36. 11. Addition of H2O—Hydration

41. 11. Addition of Alcohols—Acetal Formation

47. 12. Acetals as Protecting Groups

48. [1] Protect the interfering functional group—the ketone carbonyl.
[2] Carry out the desired reaction.
[3] Remove the protecting group.

49. Cyclic Hemiacetals

54. 13. Introduction to Carbohydrates