1. Chapter 1 - Three Societies on the Verge of Contact
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2. Learning Outcomes Describe the continuum of nutritional status.
Differentiate the methods by which nutritional status is assessed.
Explain how the Dietary Reference Intakes are used to assess dietary adequacy.
Utilize contemporary food guidance systems.
Use food labels to plan a healthy diet.
Develop an action plan that demonstrates the four steps of dietary assessment.

3. What Is Nutritional Status?
Undernutrition
Inadequate intake of nutrients or energy
Nutritional deficiency
Overnutrition
Nutritional toxicity
Nutritional status
Malnutrition

4. What Is Nutritional Status?
Undernutrition
Inadequate intake of nutrients or energy
Nutritional deficiency
Overnutrition
Nutritional toxicity
Nutritional status
Malnutrition
Both undernutrition (left) and overnutrition (right) are forms of malnutrition.

5. FIGURE 2.1 Dietary Intake Influences Nutritional Status and Health
Both under- and overnutrition can result in malnutrition and poor health
over time.
© 2014 Cengage Learning® 5

6. How Is Nutritional Status Assessed?
ABCDs of nutritional assessment
Anthropometric measurement
Physical dimensions and composition
Easy and inexpensive
Height and weight
Circumferences
Body composition
Amount and distribution

7. How Is Nutritional Status Assessed?
ABCDs of nutritional assessment
Biochemical measurement
Lab analysis of a biological sample
Clinical assessment
Medical history
Signs
Symptoms

8. How Is Nutritional Status Assessed?
ABCDs of nutritional assessment
Dietary assessment
Diet recall
Food frequency questionnaire
Diet record or food record
Food composition tables and dietary analysis software

9. How Much of a Nutrient Is Adequate?
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
Set of four dietary assessment standards
Life stages
16 for females and 10 for males
Nutrient requirement
Amount that must be consumed for optimal health
Factors that influence nutrient requirements

10. FIGURE 2.2 Dietary Reference Intake Standards
There are four sets of DRI reference values: Estimated Average Requirement, Recommended Dietary Allowance,
Adequate Intake Level, and Tolerable Upper Intake Level. 10

11. How Much of a Nutrient Is Adequate?
Estimated Average Requirements (EARs)
Meets physiological requirements of half of healthy people
Not available for all nutrients
Cannot be used for individuals
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)
Derived from EARs
Used for individuals

12. FIGURE 2.3 Comparing EARs to RDAs
EAR values represent average requirements for a given population, whereas RDAs are intake
goals for individuals. 12

13. How Much of a Nutrient Is Adequate?
Adequate Intake (AI) levels
Not enough evidence to establish EAR
Only AIs for life stage birth to 6 months
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs)
Highest level of usual daily intake likely to be safe

14. FIGURE 2.4 Using DRI Values to Assess Nutritional Status
EAR values represent average requirements for a given population, whereas RDAs are intake
goals for individuals. 14

15. How Much of a Nutrient Is Adequate?
Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
Average intake to maintain a healthy weight
Influential factors
Physical activity
Mathematical equations

16. How Much of a Nutrient Is Adequate?
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs)
Carbohydrates
45 to 65 percent of total energy
Proteins
10 to 35 percent of total energy
Fats
20 to 35 percent of total energy

17. How Can You Assess and Plan Your Diet?
USDA Food Pattern publications
Categorizes nutritionally similar foods
Recommendations for number of servings
Currently five food groups
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Incorporate USDA Food Patterns

18. How Can You Assess and Plan Your Diet?
2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Important facts
Focus on eating patterns or food patterns
Specific nutrients that are under-consumed or consumed in excess
Overarching goals
All segments of society play a role in supporting healthy choices
Nutritional needs should be met with foods and beverages, not supplements

19. How Can You Assess and Plan Your Diet?
2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Five guidelines
Follow a healthy eating pattern across the lifespan
Strategies
Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans
Focus on Variety, Nutrient Density, and Amount
Moderation
Variety
Nutrient density

20. How Can You Assess and Plan Your Diet?
2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Five guidelines
Limit calories from added sugars, saturated fats, and alcohol; reduce sodium
Excess consumption associated with cardiovascular disease
Shift to healthier food and beverage choices
Key recommendations
Support healthy eating patterns for all
Strategies

21. How Can You Assess and Plan Your Diet?
USDA Food Patterns
12 eating patterns
Examples
Kinds of foods and proportions
Based on caloric needs
Five food groups

22. How Can You Assess and Plan Your Diet?
MyPlate
Visual food guide
Five food groups
Individualized recommendations
12 dietary patterns
Self-assessment of dietary intake
MyPlate illustrates the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommended
food consumption pattern as a consumer-friendly graphic.

23. FIGURE 2.9 An Example of a Daily Food Plan
There are 12 different daily food plans in the MyPlate food guidance system. Each
food plan is based on a particular energy requirement. The food plan shown here
is for a 2,000 kcal/day diet.
Source: U. S. Department of Agriculture— 23

24. How Can You Use Food Labels to Plan a Healthy Diet?
Required information on a food label
Nutrition Facts panel
Nutrient content of the food
Critical elements mandated by FDA
Daily Values
Two types
Nutrient’s recommended daily intake
Nutrient’s upper limit
“Good source of”

25. FIGURE 2.10 Understanding Food Labels and Nutrition Facts Panels
The FDA mandates that food labels provide specific information. A Nutrition Facts panel, required on most food
labels, helps consumers choose their foods wisely. 25

26. How Can You Use Food Labels to Plan a Healthy Diet?
Nutrient content claims
How much of a nutrient is in a food
Health claims
Potential health benefits of foods or food components
Must be approved by FDA
Two kinds of health claims
Regular health claim
Qualified health claim

27. Table 2.6 Selected FDA-Approved Nutrient Content Claims
Source: Adapted from U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Food Labeling Guide. Available from:
LabelingNutrition/ucm htm.

28. Can You Put These Concepts into Action?
Step 1: Set the stage and set your goals
Step 2: Assess your nutritional status
Step 3: Set the table to meet your goals
Step 4: Compare your plan and your assessment
Although there is probably an association between when
your alarm sounds and the time the sun rises, changing
your wake-up alarm will not alter the sunrise. In other
words, correlation does not infer causality.