1. How did Public Education and Higher Education Expand in America?
United States History & Government || Br. Siraj
11th Grade Boys & Girls || May 8, 2019

2. Expansion of Public Education
Children’s School
: 12 to 16 weeks of school for children aged between 8 and 14
Curriculum included reading, writing, and arithmetic
Strict Rules and physical Punishment
Kindergarten were started by private sector
Kindergartens surged from 200 in 1800 to 3000 in 1900.
Public Schools also added kindergarten to their system
Blacks and Whites differed in school going (34% black children compared to 62% white children)

3. The growth of high schools
Industrial demand for technical and managerial skills spurred the growth of high schools
By 1900 high schools students reached ½ million.
Curriculum expanded to include science, civics and social studies
Vocational studies prepared male graduates for industrial jobs in the following fields:
Drafting, carpentry, and mechanics
Females for office work.

4. Racial Discrimination
African Americans were mostly excluded from Public Secondary Education
In 1890 less than 1% of African Americans attended high school.
More than 2/3 went to private schools.
By 1920 only 3 percent of African Americans went to high School.

5. Immigrants and Education
Immigrants were encouraged to go to school.
Most immigrants sent their children to Public Schools
Some Immigrants did not like the Americanization of their children
They set up private institutions
Adult immigrants attended night schools
Employers had day time education to Americanize their workers

6. Expansion of Higher Education
Changes in Universities
Between College Students increased 4 times than before.
Changes in College Curriculum took place
Research Universities appeared
New Schools were established in colleges:
Modern Languages, Psychology, Sociology, Law and Medicine.
Private Colleges required entrance examination

7. Expansion of Higher Education
African Americans and Higher Education
African Americans attended higher education after the civil war in big numbers
They founded there own universities with the help of Freedmen’s Bureau and others
Howard, Atlanta and Fisk universities
Not enough could be done with private donors

8. Expansion of Higher Education
Booker T. Washington believed in vocational education for African Americans
Started “Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute”
W. E. B. Du Bois believed in Normal Liberal Arts Education
Founded the “Niagara Movement”