1. Cell Basics

2. What IS a Cell?
The smallest unit of structure and function in all living things
Cells work together to make up tissues
Humans are made of BILLIONS of cells!

3. Discovery of Cells
1600’s: Time of discovery in the area of cell biology
Leeuwenhoek:
First to magnify nature with a lens (mid 1600’s)
Called the “father of microbiology”

4. Robert Hooke: Monk who was the first to magnify plant material (cork)
Saw small divisions that he named “CELLS”
Made his discovery in 1665

5. Matthias Schleiden Botanist
Made the discovery that all plants are made of cells
Made his discovery in 1838

6. Theodor Schwann Physiologist
Made the discovery that all animals are made of cells
Made his discovery in 1839

7. Rudlof Virchow Pathologist
In 1855, he made the discovery that all cells come from another pre-existing cell

8. Cell Theory The summary of all cell biology research
Developed in the 1800’s
Explains how cells and life connect
All living things are made of cells
Cells are the smallest units of structure and function in living things
New cells come from existing cells

9. Types of Cells Prokaryotic Pro= before Very simple cells
No true nucleus
No membrane bound organelles
Has cell membrane and cytoplasm
Has a single, circular DNA strand (genetic material)
Can respond to the environment (irritability)
Bacteria

10. Eukaryotic Eu= true More complex
Has a true nucleus that houses double-stranded DNA
Has membrane bound organelles
Mitochondria, vesicles, smooth/rough ER…etc.
Has cytoplasm and a cell membrane
Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals are all made of eukaryotic cells

11. Cell Structures Cytoplasm:
Jelly-like substance that all organelles float in
Contains organic molecules
In constant motion “Cytoplasmic Streaming”

12. Organelles
Small structures that perform a special function for the cell
“ Small Organs”

13. Types of Organelles Mitochondria: The “powerhouse” of the cell
Creates cellular energy in the form of a molecule called ATP (Adenosine Tri Phosphate)
Cellular energy created through a process called cellular respiration
Double layered which increases surface area

14. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
A system of tubes which move molecules throughout the cell
“Intracellular Highway”
Can be covered with ribosomes- Rough ER
Ribosomes make proteins
Enzymes on the Rough ER change proteins into other forms
Can also be without ribosomes-Smooth ER
Function to create lipids

15. Ribosomes “Protein Factories”
Can be imbedded on the rough ER or floating in the cytoplasm
Most abundant organelle in a cell
Made of RNA and proteins
Makes more proteins with plans given from DNA in the nucleus

16. Golgi Body/Golgi Apparatus
The “UPS” or “Fed-Ex” of the cell
Processes, packages and secretes proteins and other molecules both inside and outside of the cell
Secretes molecules in vesicles
Example: hormones

17. Lysosome “Stomach” of the cell Contain digestive enzymes
Break down proteins, carbohydrates and lipids that the cell can use
Breaks down organelles the cell no longer needs
Cleans up cellular clutter

18. Centrioles Found only in Animal Cells
Rod-shaped bodies which guide the cell during cell division (mitosis)

19. Vacuoles
Storage organelle for water, wastes, enzymes, salt and organic molecules
Plant cells have large organelles
Up to 90% of the plant cell is the vacuole
Plants need a great deal of water because of photosynthesis
Animal cells have small organelles called vesicles

20. Plastids Found only in plants Chemical factories to create energy
Often contain pigment
Example: Chloroplast
Contains chlorophyll which traps solar energy for photosynthesis

21. Cytoskeleton The framework of the cell Made of protein filaments
Two types- Microfilaments and Microtubules
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Protein threads
Protein tubes that maintain cell shape.
Used for cytoplasmic streaming
Organelles move on tubules like train tracks
Smaller than microtubules
In some cells make cilia and flagella
Act as “muscles” of cell
Act as “bones” of cell

22. Cilia and Flagella Aid in movement Cilia: “Hair-like”
Flagella: “Whip-like”

23. The Nucleus Parts of the Nucleus First Identified in 1831
Is the “brain” of the cell
Houses DNA molecule
Parts of the Nucleus
Nuclear Envelope/Membrane:
Double layer of phospholipids and proteins
Has pores to allow molecules to enter and leave

24. 2. Nucleoplasm: Cytoplasm in the nucleus -protein rich fluid 3
2. Nucleoplasm: Cytoplasm in the nucleus -protein rich fluid 3. Nucleolus: Makes ribosomes, made of RNA 4. Chromatin: DNA and protein coiled together -Genetic material -Chromosomes: Chromatin that coils together during mitosis

25. The Cell Membrane
Cell structure that is found in both plant and animal cells
Made of proteins and phospholipids
Moves like a liquid
“Fluid mosaic model”
Allows molecules in and out of the cell
Is considered “semi-permeable” or “selectively permeable”

26. Plant vs. Animal Cells Both cells are eukaryotic Plant Cells:
Cell Wall
Structure made of cellulose that surrounds the cell membrane
Plastids
Chloroplast (green), leucoplasts (white), chromoplast (orange, yellow)
Large vacuole
90% of plant’s volume

27. The Endosymbiotic Theory
A theory stating that prokaryotic cells developed into organelles in larger eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria have their own DNA
Cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria) are said to have developed into chloroplasts

28. Viruses Are NOT cells Are NOT living until they find a host
Cause diseases such as the common cold, the flu, polio, HIV
Have a protein capsid coating that “tricks” cells into accepting the virus
Virus then takes over the genetic machinery of the cell