1. From The Congress of Vienna to The Unifications of Italy and Germany
Mid-19th c
European
Nationalism
From The Congress of Vienna to
The Unifications of Italy and Germany

2. Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) Europe’s Reaction to French Revolution and Napoleon
I. Kings/ministers Europe’s major powers A. Redrew map of Europe B. Goals (Conservatism) = 1. “Turn back clock” to “good old days” return to “rule of legitimacy” 2. Set up “ balance of power” in Europe 3. Prevent another “ Napoleon” C. Led by Prince Metternich (Austria)

3. II. Conservatism: Change & reform rejected: return to divine right absolutism
Newspapers/magazines censored
Political comment/cartoons forbidden
Committee set up to report “troublemakers
No Protests allowed

4. III. Results Progress stopped for a few years
European insisted on rights and a voice
Words of French “Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen” won’t die
D. Soon, nations ruled by others fight for freedom
E. Legacy of French Revolution and Napoleon
1. Patriotism
2. Nationalism
3. Self-determination
Legacy of French Revolution & Napoleon=

5. Italian
Unification

6. Italian Nationalist Leaders
King Victor Emmanuel II
Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”]
Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Soul”]
Count Cavour [The “Brain”]

7. Pope Pius IX: The “Spoiler”?

8. Italian Unification
After fall of Roman Empire, Italy = many independent city-states
the Resurgence" or "revival"),

9. B. Italians begin to feel that one united state would strengthen them:
The “ Risorgimento” ( the revival ) is born:

10. C. Three leaders emerge to achieve this:
Giuseppe Mazzini – “ The soul”
writer: dreamed of unified Italy
founded: “Young Italy” to achieve dream
wrote: Inspiring books about the dream

11. 2. Camillo di Cavour – “ the Brain”
Prime Minister of Sardinia
Used brilliant diplomatic maneuvers to unite most city-states by 1860

12. Cavour & Napoleon III (France) What “deals” are made here?
Meet at Plombières, 1858
What “deals” are made here?

13. 3. Giuseppe Garibaldi – “The Sword”
Provided revolutionary force:
The “Red Shirts”
Overthrew government of Sicily
Schemed with Cavour to join Sicily with Sardinia – so now
Victor Emanuel is the
King of Italy

14. A Unified Peninsula!
A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

15. Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French, (April 30, 1849)

16. Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

17. The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

18. German
Unification

19. Precursor: German Unity: The Zollverein 1834
$ German customs union led by Prussia $ Stimulate trade/ increase revenues $ No tariffs on products traded between member states $ All German states except Austria members by 1853 $ Economic unity > political unity

20. Zollverein, 1834

21. Key
Players

22. Kaiser Wilhelm I

23. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
The “Iron Chancellor”
Realpolitik
“Blood & Iron”

24. Otto von Bismarck
The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.
Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.
The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of —but by blood and iron.

25. Otto von Bismarck
I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.
A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.
Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

26. The German Confederation: Pre 1860’s,
German speaking part of Europe = many independent states

27. 1861: King Wilhelm I Inherits throne of Prussia
Goal = unite all German states
under Prussia
How? BY FORCE!!
Otto von Bismarck, prime minister, used a policy of “BLOOD AND IRON”
Prussia will force all to join!

28. Step #1: The Danish War [1864]

29. Step #2: Austro-Prussian War
[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

30. Step #3: Creation of the Northern German Confederation, 1867
Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck pressures other states to join

31. Step #4: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871]
Bismarck maneuvers France to declare war on Prussia
France loses (Bismarck knew it would!)

32. Siege of Paris 1871 ( Franco-Prussian War) A butcher selling unusual meats

33. Siege of Paris 1871( Franco-Prussian War) Zoo Animals sacrificed for survival

34. Step #4: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871]

35. Treaty of Frankfurt [1871] France forced to pay huge $$ indemnity $$
( 5 billion francs in war reparations)
AND
was occupied by German troops until it was
paid ! (Oh the indignity!)
France lost Alsace-Lorraine
(region rich in iron ore with flourishing textile industry)
AKA “the terrible crime of 1871”

36. Bismarck & Napoleon III at France’s Surrender

37. Napoleon III to Bismarck:
“ I might forgive you. History might forgive you. But the French people will never forgive you!”

38. Coronation of Kaiser (Emperor)Wilhelm I [r. 1871–1888]

39. Germany now united: Country of Modern Germany established

40. German Imperial Flag
German for “Empire.”

41. HOW DOES GERMANY ACHIEVE ITS GOALS ?
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
HOW DOES GERMANY ACHIEVE ITS GOALS ?

42. Summary: Self-Determination
Italy & Germany = examples of how force of nationalism led independent states to join into a new nation
Nationalism can also work another way: force of nationalism can lead people under the rule of a foreign power to fight for their independence
like in Latin America