1. SOUTH AFRICA: APARTHEID History 12/SMith/MBSS

2. BACKGROUND (notes optional)
~1650 Original European settlers were Dutch
~1800 Colonized by the British
~1830 Decedents of original Dutch (Boers/ Afrikaners) establish their own republics.
1867/84 Diamonds/Gold discovered: British interest grows, and the need to subdue both indigenous and Boer elements.
1st Boer War: Boers resist the British
2nd Boer War: British defeat the Boers

3. Early 20th Century (notes optional)
1910 Union of South Africa was created
1913 Native Lands Act- limits black ownership of land
1931 Statute of Westminster- virtual independence/ member of the British Commonwealth
~1930’s Power shared between the Afrikaners National Party & the South African Party
1948 National Party wins a majority, solidifies power
and white rule by institutionalizing racial segregation with the “Apartheid Laws”.

4. Apartheid Laws: Registration Act
1950: Population Registration Act classified 3 races:
White: “in appearance obviously a white person or generally accepted as a white person.”
Black (African): must carry pass books (fingerprints, photo & info) to enter non-black areas.
Colored: (Indian, Asian, of mixed decent)
Non-compliance was dealt with harshly.

5. Apartheid Laws: Homelands
1951 Bantu Authorities Act set up African reserves, known as “homelands”. (states to which each African was assigned).
All political (voting) rights restricted to one’s homeland.
They were citizens of the homeland, losing South African citizenship & representation in the S.A. Parliament.
Blacks in the homelands needed passports to enter South Africa: aliens in their own country.

6. Apartheid Laws: Public Safety Act
1953: Public Safety Act & Criminal Law Amendment Act:
The government can declare strict states of emergency
increased penalties for protesting against the law, (fines, prison, & whippings).

7. RESPONSE: African national Congress
Founded in 1912, the A.N.C. grew in the mid 40’s, uniting blacks against white oppression, and later the 1950’s Apartheid Laws.
Responded militarily to attacks on blacks, also encouraged strikes and protests.
ANC was banned, leaders were arrested, to no avail.
ANC grew as apartheid abuses increased.

8. 1960 Sharpeville Massacre (march 21)
10am: ~7,000 protesters at the Sharpeville police station turned themselves in for not carrying their pass books.
The military tried low-flying jets to disperse the crowd; no luck.
1pm: Armoured cars lined up beside the crowd & opened fire.
The unarmed protesters ran, most were shot in the back.
69 died & 187 were wounded.

9. 1960 Sharpeville Massacre: Fallout
March 30: State of emergency declared, 18,000+ arrested, (could be held without charges for up to 6 months).
Thousands died in custody, often after torture.
Convicted were sentenced to death, life in prison, or banished.
States of emergency continued intermittently until 1989.
The end of ANC’s program of peaceful strikes & protests
ANC went underground; increased military training & sabotage.
International protests; UN resolution condemned the shootings.
TURNING POINT: Blacks became more militant & S. Africa was increasingly isolated in the international community.

10. NELSON MANDELA
1961: became leader of the ANC's armed wing, raised money, arranged training, and coordinated sabotage against the gov’t.
1962: Arrested for leading strikes: 5 year sentence.
1964: Convicted of sabotage: life sentence.

11. NELSON MANDELA
During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. Nelson Mandela April 20, 1964

12. NELSON MANDELA
Mandela served 27 years in prison, (18 on Robben Island).
His reputation grew & he became the most significant black leader in South Africa.
Local & international pressure mounted on the gov’t to release him, under the slogan Free Nelson Mandela!

13. IMPACT OF APARTHEID (70’s & 80’s)
APARTHEID AND THE PEOPLE OF SOUTH AFRICA
BLACKS
WHITES
Population
19 million
4.5 million
Land Allocation
13%
87%
Share of National Income
<20%
75%
Ratio of Average Earnings 1 14
Minimal Taxable Income
360 rands
750 rands
Doctors/Population
1/44,000
1/400
Infant Mortality Rate
20% Urban
40% Rural
2.7%
Annual Funding per Student
$45
$696
Teacher/Pupil Ratio
1/60
1/22
Disproportionate Treatment circa 1978

14. Growing International Pressure- 1980’s

15. Policy Shift
1980’s: International pressure grew, but President P.W. Botha made only token changes, which increased tension, violence & international condemnation.
1989: Botha had a stroke; replaced by F.W. de Klerk.
1990: F.W. de Klerk quickly lifted the ban on the ANC, repealed apartheid laws & released Mandela.

16. REFORMS AND RECOGNITION
‘90-’94: Mandela returned to lead the ANC and led the negotiations that led to the first multi-racial elections.
1993: Because of his leadership through the negotiations & his relationship with President F.W. de Klerk, they both were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. 

17. 1994 ELECTIONS April 27: First multi-racial elections were held.
The ANC won 62% of the votes in the election
May 2: Mandela, leader of the ANC, was South Africa’s first black President.
F.W. de Klerk as First Deputy
Thabo Mbeki as Second Deputy

18. President Mandela:
94-99: Unemployment, poverty & crime were problems (causes: bad $ policies, cost of sanctions, lingering tensions, AIDS crisis, & refugees)
1995: SA hosted & won the Rugby World Cup.
1996: New Constitution and Bill of Rights
Mandela won international respect for his advocacy of human rights & reconciliation.
2009 the UN declared Mandela's birthday, July 18, as “Mandela Day”, asking people to give 67 minutes to help others for Mandela’s 67 years committed to social justice.