1. Deductive & Inductive Reasoning
All cats have tails
Felix is a cat
Therefore, Felix has a tail
Felix has a tail
Felix is a cat
Therefore, all cats have tails

2. Deductive
Use universal premises to draw particular & specific conclusions
Conclusion doesn’t claim more than is stated in the premises
Inductive
Use particular premises to prove universal conclusions
Conclusion goes beyond what is claimed in the premises
Infers conclusions from experience & observation

3. Deductive or Inductive
Partick Thistle are an abysmal team so Scottish football can’t be that great.
Hilary Clinton must be an intelligent woman because she’s a lawyer and all lawyers are clever people.
These pills worked the last time I tried them so they should do the trick.
All dogs are descended from wolves so Fido must be descended from wolves.

4. All inductive arguments are invalid and therefore unsound?
Every schizophrenic patient treated with clozapine has reported a reduction in symptoms. Therefore, clozapine is an effective treatment for schizophrenia.
Discuss

5. Cogency
A cogent argument is one where we not only have a strong argument based on numerous observations but is also one where the premises are true.

6. Cogent or Weak?
All observed penguins have been purple, thus all penguins are purple
All observed penguins have had feathers, thus all penguins have feathers

7. The London Bombers were terrorists
The London Bombers were Muslim
Thus all Muslims are terrorists
How do we characterise and deal with an argument like this?