1. Nationalism

2. France

3. The Second French Republic
Louis-Napoleon elected President
Name Recognition
Fear of socialism
Publicized agenda for France
Promise to represent all of France

4. Coup d'état Illegally dismisses National Assembly 12/1851
Refuse to extend term
Crushes opposition
First plebiscite approves new 10 year term
Second plebiscite approves title of Emporer
Louis-Napoleon  Napoleon III

5. Economic Success Building Projects Allows labor unions and strikes
Create jobs for poor and wealth for middle class
Lessens social pressures
Allows labor unions and strikes
Creates better worker housing

6. Liberalization Public opinion of Napoleon III begins to wane
Grants power to National Assembly
His chosen candidates lose elections
Grants new constitution

7. Italy

8. Background Divided city-States/kingdoms
Nationalists seek to unify Italy, oppose Hapsburg influence

9. Sardinia Ruled by King Victor Emmanuel III
Limited by constitution of 1848
Civil liberties, moderate
Prime Minister Camillo di Cavour
Cavour gets Austria to attack in 1859
Napoleon III allies with Sardinia
Popular uprisings in central Italy join with Sardinia

11. Garibaldi’s Red Shirts
Giuseppe Garibaldi’s private army unites South and invades Sicily 1860
Expands north to take Rome
Vatican City, left under control of Pope
Italy unified under Victor Emmanuel in 1870

13. Germany

15. Background Prussian led unification movement fails in 1848
Prussia and Austria compete for power in German Confederation
Zollervein trade group shuts out Austrian industry
Builds nationalist middle class

16. William I of Prussia battles with middle class over military spending
Chooses Otto Von Bismarck as Prime Minister
Political genius from the junker class
“Realpolitik”
“Blood and Iron”
Rebuilds army

17. Prussian-Danish War 1864 Fight over control of Schleswig-Holstein
Austria and Prussia win, split the duchies

18. Austro-Prussian War 1866 7 Weeks War
7 weeks, Prussia wins
Austria forced out of German affairs
Confederation is ended
Northern Protestant states join with Prussia
Southern Catholic states stay independent

19. Unification in N. Germany
Bismarck gets Middle Class support with nationalism
New Constitution
Power to Prussia and Army
Local governments kept
Universal male suffrage

20. Franco-Prussian War
Bismarck engineers war with France over insult to Prussian King
French declare war on Prussia, Prussian army invades France
Southern states join Prussia
Quick victories, Napoleon III taken prisoner, released to exile in Britain
Paris holds out under siege but eventually surrenders

22. German Empire Declared 1871
Prussian King William I proclaimed Kaiser William I of Germany in Hall of Mirrors at Versailles
Germany takes wealthy French lands of Alsace and Lorraine