1. Broken Promises of the New South
Thinking Skill: Explicitly assess efforts to maintain African American subservience and efforts to overcome prejudice and discrimination

2. Civil War
“That on the 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.”- Emancipation Proclamation

3. 4 million freedmen Freedman’s Bureaus Unwritten “Black Codes”
Reconstruction
4 million freedmen
Freedman’s Bureaus
Unwritten “Black Codes”
"For we colored people did not know how to be free and the white people did not know how to have a free colored person about them."
-Houston Hartsfield Holloway

4. The “Rights Gained”
13th Amendment – (1865) Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

5. The “Rights” Gained
14th Amendment – (1868) All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

6. The “Rights” Gained
15th Amendment – (1870) The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

7. Black Political Successes???
Rewrote Southern state constitutions to replace the Black Codes
Won a majority of seats in the lower house in South Carolina
Senators- Hiram R. Revels, Blanche K. Bruce (MS)
Representatives- Joseph H. Rainey (SC) and Jefferson Long (GA)
However, most of the chief legislative and executive positions were held by whites

8. Southern whites feared black enfranchisement (the right to vote) WHY?

9. “The Great Betrayal of 1877”
Compromise of 1877 or …
Samuel Tilden (D) vs Rutherford Hayes (R)
“The Great Betrayal of 1877”

10. Discrimination & Institutionalized Racism
Utilized to maintain white economic, political, social advantages
Economic – Sharecroppers, Tenant farming, crop liens
Social – Intimidation, segregation, Ku Klux Klan, violent beatings, lynchings
Political – (voting restrictions) poll taxes, literacy tests, property requirements, Grandfather Clause

11. Jim Crow Laws Legalized segregation
Street cars, trains, churches, theaters, restaurants, schools, cemeteries
Upheld by Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)
Justified separate facilities for blacks and whites so long as they were “equal”

12. Differing Responses
Booker T. Washington – Argued for gradual approach to racial equality
WHAT WAS HIS STRATEGY?
W.E.B. DuBois – Argued for I immediate, urgent changes