1. Organic Chemistry
PrductiveStudent

2. What is Organic Chemistry?
Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon and its compounds.

3. Bonding of Carbons
When carbon is in the bonded state, it has four potential sites for covalent bonds.
Unbonded Carbon
(ground state)
Bonded Carbon

4. Single Covalent Bond
Single Covalent Bond is when 1 pair of electrons is shared between two carbon atoms.

5. Double Covalent Bond
Double Covalent Bond is when 2 pairs of electrons is shared between two carbon atoms.

6. Triple Covalent Bond
Triple Covalent Bond is when 3 pairs of electrons is shared between two carbon atoms.

7. Molecular Formula & Structural Formula
Shows the kind and number of atoms in a compound.
Structural Formula
Shows the kinds and number of atoms in a compound, as well as the bonding patterns.

8. Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

9. Saturated vs Unsaturated
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Organic compounds that contain only single bonds
Also called alkanes
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Compounds that contain one or more double or triple covalent bond.
Also called alkenes or alkynes
Which one is which compound (saturated, unsaturated)?

10. Alkanes
Alkanes:
Are saturated hydrocarbons
Contain only single bonds

11. Alkenes & Alkynes Alkenes: Are unsaturated hydrocarbons
Contains at least one double covalent bond
Alkynes:
Contains at least one triple covalent bond

12. General Formula of Alkanes
If an alkane contains 5 carbons, then n=5.
To find the number of hydrogen atoms, substitute the n value.
C5H2(5)+2
(2 x 5) + 2 = 12
12 Hydrogen Atoms

13. General Formula of Alkenes
If an alkene contains 10 carbons, then n=10.
To find the number of hydrogen atoms, substitute the n value.
C10H2(10)
2 x 10 = 20
20 Hydrogen Atoms

14. General Formula of Alkynes
If an alkene contains 2 carbons, then n=2.
To find the number of hydrogen atoms, substitute the n value.
C2H2(2)-2
(2 x 2) - 2 = 2
2 Hydrogen Atoms

15. The General Formulas are on Table Q

16. Isomers
Isomers are compounds possessing identical formula but different structures.

17. Naming Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes
Using the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) alkane names:
Alkane compounds end in -ane
Alkene compounds end in -ene
Alkyne compounds end in -yne

18. How to name organic compounds (Without Branches)
Step One: Find the longest continuous chain of carbons
Step Two: Name the chain using Table P (to find the prefix) and plug in -ane (as the suffix) because it is an alkane as it has only single covalent bonds
Our carbon chain consists of 3 carbon atoms, therefore the prefix will be prop-.
When we plug our roots, the name of the compound is:
Propan e
See a different situation on the next slide

19. How to name organic compounds (Without Branches)
Step One: Find the longest continuous chain of carbons
Step Two: Name the chain using Table P (to find the prefix) and plug in -ene (as the suffix) because it is an alkene as it has at least one double covalent bond
Our carbon chain consists of 5 carbon atoms, therefore the prefix will be pent-.
When we plug our roots, the name of the compound is:
Penten e
WRONG!
This one is different because you have to indicate the location of the double bond site. Continue to the next slide.

20. Continued...
Step Three: Number each carbons beginning at the end that will give the lowest number to the carbon. 1 2 3 4 5
Step Four: Assemble the name with its location (the lowest number) 5 4 3 2 1
Place the location of the double bonding site in front of the name of the carbon chain, placing a dash in between.
This is wrong numbering because it labels the carbon as 4 when the the other numbering labels it as 2
Remember you want to give the carbon the lowest number, since 2 is the lowest number we can also eliminate 3
2-Pentene
Naming organic compounds with branches have more steps (See next slide)

21. How to name organic compounds (With Branches)
Step One: Find the longest continuous chain of carbons
Step Two: Name the chain using Table P (to find the prefix) and plug in -ane (as the root) because it is alkane. 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1
The name of the carbon chain is Butane
This is wrong numbering because it labels the carbon as 3 when the the other numbering labels it as 2
Step Three: Number each carbons in the main chain beginning at the end that will give the lowest number to the branch.
Remember you want to give the branch the lowest number, therefore it will be 2.
The location of the branch is 2

22. How to name organic compounds (W/ Branches)
Step Four: Name the branch(es) by dropping original suffix and replacing it with -yl
Since, it is one carbon its prefix will be meth (Table P)
Methane → Methyl
If more than one of the same type of group is attached to the main chain, a prefix must be used to indicate the number of attached groups.
If there were two methyl groups, the prefix di- would be used (dimethyl). Tri- (3) and tetra- (4)
There is only branch, so it will be just methyl

23. How to name organic compounds (W/ Branches)
Step Four: Assemble the name
List in alphabetical order
Does not alphabetize prefixes
Use commas to separate numbers when there are more than one
Hyphens separate numbers from names
No spaces between the names
2-Methyl goes together because 2 indicates the location of the branch which is methyl.
Main Carbon: Butane Branch Name & Location: 2-methyl
2-methyl
butane

24. Functional Groups
Functional Groups is the atom or atoms that replace a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon and give the compound distinctive chemical and physical properties.
See next slide for the different types of functional groups

25. 2-fluoropropane CH3CHFCH3
Halides
When any of the halogens (F, Cl, Br, or I) replaces a hydrogen atom, the compound is called an organic halide, or halocarbon.
They are named by citing the location of the halogen attached to the chain; end in -ane.
F - fluoro Br - bromo Cl - chloro I - iodo
Chloromethane CH3Cl
2-fluoropropane CH3CHFCH3

26. Alcohols
Alcohols are organic compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon are replaced by an -OH group.
The -OH group is called a hydroxyl group.
Names end in -ol
There are different types of alcohol. Each type is dependent on the number of hydroxyl groups and their position on the main carbon chain.

27. Types of Alcohols
They are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on whether the hydroxyl group is attached to a primary, secondary, or tertiary carbon atom.
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Attached to only one carbon
Attached to two carbon atoms
Attached to three carbon atoms

28. Dihydroxy & trihydroxy alcohols
Monohydroxy Alcohols: contain one -OH
Dihydroxy Alcohols: contain two -OH groups
Trihydroxy Alcohols: contain three -OH groups

29. Carbonyl Group
Carbonyl Group is a group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to oxygen.
Both aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group.

30. Aldehydes
Aldehydes are organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is found on the end carbon.
Named by replacing the -e of the hydrocarbon name with -al.
Propane → Propanal

31. Ketones
Ketones are organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is found on an interior carbon atom.
Named by replacing the -e of the hydrocarbon name with -one.
Propane → Propanone

32. General Formula of Ether
Ethers
Ethers are a series of organic compounds in which two carbon chains are joined together by an oxygen atom bonded between two carbon atoms.
General Formula of Ether

33. Organic Acids
Organic Acids are a a series of organic compounds that have a carboxyl group.
Named by replacing -e of the hydrocarbon name with -oic acid.
Ethanoic Acid
(Commonly known as Acetic Acid)
Carboxyl Group (-COOH)

34. Esters are organic compounds whose formula is this:
The R-CO-O- comes from an organic acid and the R’ part comes from an alcohol.

35. Amines Amine is a derivative (a compound obtained from) ammonia.
They are formed when one or more of the hydrogen atoms of the ammonia are replaced by al alkyl group.
Named by replacing the -e of the alkane name with -amine.

36. Amino Acids
Amino Acids are organic compounds containing both the amine group (-NH2) and the carboxylic group (-COOH).

37. Amides
When one of the hydrogen atoms of the amino group reacts with the -OH of an organic acid, a condensation occurs.
This reaction produces water and an amide, a compound formed by the combination of two amino acids.

38. Organic Reactions

39. Organic Reactions
Organic Reactions occur more slowly than inorganic reactions due to strong bonds in the molecules.
See next slide for the different types of organic reactions

40. Combustion
Combustion (Burning) is the most common type of organic reaction. It is the reaction of hydrocarbon and oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and water.
Complete combustion: when carbon dioxide is produced
Incomplete combustion: when carbon monoxide and water is produced; occurs when there is not enough O2
General Equation

41. Alkane + Halogen → Halocarbon + Acid
Substitution
Substitution reaction occurs when one or more hydrogen atoms in a saturated alkane is replaced by another atom or group.
C3H8 + Cl2 → C3H7Cl + HCl
Alkane + Halogen → Halocarbon + Acid

42. Addition
Addition reactions involve adding one or more atoms at a double or triple bond; 2 reactants turn into one larger product.

43. Esterification
Esterification is the reaction between an organic acid and an alcohol producing water and an ester.
Naming:
First name alcohol: change -anol to -yl
Second name acid: change -ioc acid to -oate

44. Saponification
Saponification is the reaction of a fat and an alkali to produce glycerol and a soap.
Fat + Alkali → Glycerol + Soap

45. Fermentation
Fermentation an organic reaction in which ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced from a carbohydrate.

46. Polymerization
Polymers: organic compounds made up from smaller units called monomers
Polymerization is the formation of these large polymer molecules.

47. Adding Polymerization
Adding Polymerization reactions involve the joining of monomers of unsaturated compounds.
nC2H2 → (C2H2)n

48. Condensation Polymerization
Condensation Polymerization reactions result from the bonding of monomers by removing water from hydroxyl groups and joining the monomers by an ether.