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Chapter 18 Air Pollution
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Core Case Study: South Asia’s Massive Brown Clouds
Air pollution is no longer viewed as just a localized urban problem South Asian Brown Clouds Stretches across much of… ___________________ Industrial heart of ________ Parts of the _____________ ________________ Ocean India Bangladesh China western Pacific About the size of continental U.S.
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Core Case Study: South Asia’s Massive Brown Clouds
The clouds contain… small particles of smoke, dust, and ash resulting from _____________ and _______________ of forests Particles of carbon ________ from the burning of biomass Acidic compounds from vehicle ___________ and emissions from ________ - burning power plants Particles of toxic metals such as _____________ and __________ from smelters and waste incinerators drought burning soot exhaust coal lead mercury
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Air Pollution in Shanghai, China
These clouds are changing _____________ patterns and affecting __________ production in China weather food Less rain in the ___________ and increased ______________ in the south north flooding Another problem with the brown clouds is that they do not stay put…can move across continents in __________ days Figure 18.2: Shanghai, China, is one of a number of Asia’s large cities that have been polluted and darkened by the regional haze from the cocktail of pollutants in the South Asian Brown Clouds. Other cities affected by these clouds include Beijing, China; Bangkok, Thailand; Cairo, Egypt; and Mumbai and New Delhi, India. 3-4 Fig. 18-2, p. 465
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Satellites have tracked the spread of dense clouds of pollutants from
northern China across the Pacific Ocean to the __________ coast of United States EPA studies estimate that on certain days, the following percentages of pollutants in the skies Los Angeles, CA can be traced back to China: ______ of the particulate matter ______ of the black carbon soot ______ of the toxic mercury west Figure 18.2: Shanghai, China, is one of a number of Asia’s large cities that have been polluted and darkened by the regional haze from the cocktail of pollutants in the South Asian Brown Clouds. Other cities affected by these clouds include Beijing, China; Bangkok, Thailand; Cairo, Egypt; and Mumbai and New Delhi, India. 25% 77% 33%
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This history of air pollution control in Europe and the U.S. shows
that air pollution can be quickly reduced by… enacting and enforcing ________________ for coal burning industries shifting from coal to cleaner-burning ___________ _________ More regulations are needed in China and India standards natural Figure 18.2: Shanghai, China, is one of a number of Asia’s large cities that have been polluted and darkened by the regional haze from the cocktail of pollutants in the South Asian Brown Clouds. Other cities affected by these clouds include Beijing, China; Bangkok, Thailand; Cairo, Egypt; and Mumbai and New Delhi, India. gas Los Angeles, CA
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18-1 What Is the Nature of the Atmosphere?
Concept The two innermost layers of the atmosphere are the troposphere, which supports life, and the stratosphere, which contains the protective ozone layer.
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The Atmosphere Consists of Several Layers
The atmosphere is divided into several spherical _____________ Our environmental studies focus on the two innermost layers… _____________________ ______________________ layers troposphere stratosphere
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The Atmosphere Consists of Several Layers
The density of gas molecules varies throughout the layers because _________________ pulls them towards earth’s surface This means that lower layers have more gases (more ___________) and are more _____________ packed with molecules Atmospheric pressure is the ___________, or mass, per unit area in a ______________ of air. Force is caused by the _________________ of a surface by the molecules in air gravity weight densely force column bombardment
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As altitude increases, what happens to atmospheric pressure?
It decreases
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Air Movements in the Troposphere Play a Key Role in Earth’s Weather and Climate
________________ to the earth's surface ____________ of the earth’s air mass About 99% of the volume of air consists of two gases… ________________ (78%) ________________ (21%) Remainder consists of… ________________, __________, ________, and trace amounts of pollutants and other gases closest 75 – 80% nitrogen oxygen water vapor argon CO2
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Air Movements in the Troposphere Play a Key Role in Earth’s Weather and Climate
Rising and falling air _____________, ________, and concentrations of ________ play a major role in the planet’s short term ________________ and long term ______________ Recall that climate is the ______________ weather in a given area, as measured mostly by… _____________________ currents wind CO2 weather climate average precipitation temperature
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Case Study: The South Asian Brown Clouds, Melting Glaciers, and Atmospheric Cooling
2008 UN Environment Programme (UNEP) study on South Asian Brown Clouds Causing gradual melting of ________________ _______________ Normally the white ice would be able to ___________ much sunlight back into space Dirty polluted ice will _____________ sunlight instead Scientists also think that the South Asian Brown Clouds have ___________ the full impact of global atmospheric warming Some of the cloud particles ____________ incoming light back into space Himalayan glaciers reflect absorb masked reflect
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Case Study: The South Asian Brown Clouds, Melting Glaciers, and Atmospheric Cooling
While it is great that the brown clouds may slow atmospheric warming…this benefit is far outweighed by the ___________ air pollution and its effects on…. __________ and _________ supplies Human _______________ severe food water health
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The Stratosphere Is Our Global Sunscreen
Atmosphere’s ___________ layer Similar composition to the troposphere, with _______ exceptions Much ________ water vapor Much ________ ozone, O3 second two less more
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The Stratosphere Is Our Global Sunscreen
The stratosphere’s ozone is found concentrated in the ____________ ___________ Stratospheric ozone is produced when oxygen molecules, _____, react with ________________ radiation emitted by the sun Ozone, O3, acts as a global _____________, filtering _____ of harmful UV radiation Allows us and other life to exist on land ozone layer O2 ultraviolet sunscreen 95%
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18-2 What Are the Major Outdoor Pollution Problems?
Concept Pollutants mix in the air to form industrial smog, primarily as a result of burning coal, and photochemical smog, caused by emissions from motor vehicles, industrial facilities, and power plants.
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Air Pollution Comes from Natural and Human Sources (1)
Presence of __________________ in the atmosphere in concentrations ________ enough to harm or alter… Organisms Ecosystems Human-made materials climate Natural sources include… Dust blown by ____________ Pollutants from ____________ and _______________ ______________ organics released by some plants chemicals high wind forest fires volcanoes volatile
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Air Pollution Comes from Natural and Human Sources (2)
Most human sources occur in _______________ and/or ___________ areas having more people, cars, and factories that burn _______________ ________ _________________ sources: power plants and industrial facilities __________________ sources: motor vehicles industrial urban fossil fuels stationary mobile
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Some Pollutants in the Atmosphere Combine to Form Other Pollutants
Scientists classify outdoor air pollutants into two categories: _________________ and ________________ pollutants Primary pollutants Emitted __________________ into the air Secondary pollutants Result from ______________ of primary pollutants with one another or with other natural components of air primary secondary directly reactions
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CH4 and most other hydrocarbons
Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants CO CO2 NO2 SO2 NO NO SO3 CH4 and most other hydrocarbons HNO3 H2SO4 Most suspended particles H2O2 O3 PANs Most NO3– and SO42– salts Natural Source Stationary Human Source Figure 18.5: Human inputs of air pollutants come from mobile sources (such as cars) and stationary sources (such as industrial, power, and cement plants). Some primary air pollutants react with one another and with other chemicals in the air to form secondary air pollutants. Human Source Mobile Fig. 18-5, p. 469
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Good News! Over the past 30 years, outdoor air quality has been improving in ________________ countries Mostly due to grassroots or _________________ pressure from citizens leading governments to pass and enforce air pollution control laws Bad News:( 1 of every ______ people still live in urban areas where outdoor air is unhealthy to breath…mostly __________________ countries _____________ air pollution: big threat to the poor developed bottom-up 6 undeveloped Indoor
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Indoor Air Pollution in Bangladesh
Children Working in a Poorly Ventilated Plastics Factory Figure 18.6: Indoor air pollution: These children are working in a plastics factory in an urban slum in Dhaka, Bangladesh. They spend very long working days in this highly polluted room with little ventilation. Fig. 18-6, p. 469
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Outdoor air pollution is also now considered a _______________ problem due to the sheer ______________ of pollutants we are producing and their paths __________________. South Asian Brown Clouds Arctic ___________ Pollutants flowing _____________ from Europe, Asia, and North America global volume traveled Haze north
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Review Questions! What are a few of the problems associated with South Asian brown clouds? Differentiate between the troposphere and the stratosphere. Altering weather patterns Altering food production in China Human health problems Pollution travels Second layer First layer More ozone Weather/climate Less water vapor
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Review Questions! Distinguish between primary and secondary pollutants. Primary – emitted directly into atmosphere Secondary – result from reactions
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