1. The Diencephalon 间脑
山东大学医学院 解剖教研室
李振华

2. Position of Diencephalon
Position: Lies between midbrain and cerebrum, almost entirely surrounded by cerebral hemisphere
Diencephalon

3. Subdivision of Diencephalon
Doral thalamus 背侧丘脑
Metathalamus 后丘脑
Epithalamus 上丘脑
Subthalamus 底丘脑
Hypothalamus 下丘脑

4. Dorsal Thalamus 背侧丘脑

5. Dorsal Thalamus 背侧丘脑 External features A large egg-shaped nucleus mass
Anterior end －anterior thalamic tubercle 丘脑前节结
Posterior end － pulvinar 丘脑枕
Right and left portion of thalamus are joined by interthalamic adhesion 丘脑间粘合
Floor－hypothalamic sulcus

6. Classification of Nuclei of Dorsal Thalamus
Three nuclear group－divided by internal medullary lamina 内髓板
Anterior nuclear group 前核群
Medial nuclear group 内侧核群
Lateral nuclear group 外侧核群

7. Internal medullary lamina
Med. nuclear group
Ant. nuclear group
Lateral nuclear group
Medial geniculate body (MGN)
Ventral anterior nucleus
Ventral lateral nucleus
Ventral posterior nucleus (VP)
Lateral geniculate body (LGN)
Ventral posterolateral (VPL)
Ventral posteromedial (VPM )

8. Subdivision
Principal Nuclei
Common abbreviation
Ant. nuclear group
Med. nuclear group
Lat. nuclear group
Dorsal tier of the nuclei
Lateral dorsal LD
Lateral posterior LP
Pulvinar
Ventral tier of the nuclei
Ventral anterior VA
Ventral lateral VL
Ventral posterior VP
Ventral posterolateral
VPL
Ventral posteromedial
VPM

9. Functional Subdivision of Dorsal Thalamus
Nonspecific relay nuclei 非特异性中继核团－receive afferents from rhinencephalon and reticular formation of brain stem, project mainly to hypothalamus and corpus striatum
Midline nucleus group
Intralaminar nuclear group
Thalamic reticular nucleus
Association nuclei 联络核团－receive input from many converging sours and in turn project widely to the association areas of cerebral cortex
Anterior nuclear group
Medial nuclear group
Dorsal tier of lateral nuclear group

10. Functional Subdivision of Dorsal Thalamus
Special relay nuclei 特异性中继核团
Vent. anterior nucleus (VA) 腹前核
Vent. intermediate nucleus (VI) 腹中间核
Receiving dentate nucleus, globus pallidus and substantia nigra to motor cortex
Vent. posteromedial nucleus (VPM ) 腹后内侧核★
Receives trigeminal lemniscus and taste fibers
Vent. posterolateral nucleus (VPL ) 腹后外侧核★
Receives medial lemniscus and spinal lemniscus
Projects to first somatic sensory area via central thalamic radiation 丘脑中央辐射

11. Metathalamus 后丘脑 Lateral geniculate body (LGN) 外侧膝状体
Medial geniculate body (MGN)
内侧膝状体

12. Metathalamus 后丘脑 Medial geniculate body (MGN) 内侧膝状体★
Relay station of audition
Receive fibers from inferior colliculus
Projects to auditory area via acoustic radiation 听辐射
Lateral geniculate body (LGN)外侧膝状体★
Relay station of vision
Receive fibers from optic tract
Projects to visual area via optic radiation 视辐射

13. Epithalamus 上丘脑 Consist of: Thalamic medullary stria 丘脑髓纹
Habenular trigone 缰三角
Habenular commissure 缰连合
Pineal body 松果体
posterior commissure 后连合

14. Subthalamus 底丘脑
Position: transition zone between diencephalons and tegmentum of midbrain
Content: subthalamic nucleus 底丘脑核, parts of red nucleus and substantia nigra

15. Hypothalamus 下丘脑 Position－lies ventral to thalamus Boundaries
Superiorly: hypothalamic sulcus
Inferiorly:
optic chiasma 视交叉
tuber cinereum 灰结节
Infundibulum 漏斗
mamillary body 乳头体
Anterior: lamina terminalis 终板
Posterior: continues with midbrain tegmentum

16. Hypothalamus 下丘脑 Subdivisions Preoptic region 视前区
Supraoptic region 视上区
Tuberal region 结节区
Mamillary region 乳头体区

17. Important Nuclei of Hypothalamus
Supraoptic region 视上区
Supraoptic nucleus 视上核－produce antidiuretic hormone 抗利尿激素(ADH， vasopressin 加压素)
Paraventricular nucleus 室旁核－produce oxytocin 催产素
Tuberal region 结节区
Infundibular nucleus 漏斗核
Ventromedial nucleus 腹内侧核
Dorsomedial nucleus 背内侧核
Mamillary region 乳头体区
Mamillary nucleus 乳头体核
Posterior hypothalamic nucleus 下丘脑后核

18. Paraventricular nucleus
Paraventriculohypophyeal tract
Supraoptic nucleus
Supraopticohypophyseal tract
infundibulum
anterior lobe of hypophsis
posterior lobe of hypophysis

19. Connections of Hypothalamus
Supraoptic nucleus → antidiuretic hormone (ADH) →supraopticohypophyseal tract →posterior lobe of hypophysis
Paraventricular nucleus → produce oxytocin (oxytocin) →paraventriculohypophyseal tract→posterior lobe of hypophysis
Parvicellular neurons in the arcuate nucleus and nearby region of the walls of the third ventricle secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones → tuberoinfundibular tract →portal vein of hypophysis → anterior lobe of hypophysis

20. Paraventricular nucleus
Paraventriculohypophyseal tract
Supraoptic nucleus
Supraopticohypophyseal trac
Inferior hypophyseal a.
posterior lobe of hypophysis
Hypophyseal v.

21. Parvicellular neurons in the arcuate nucleus and nearby region of the walls of the third ventricle secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones → tuberoinfundibular tract →portal vein of hypophsis → anterior lobe of hypophsis
Tuberoinfundibular tract
Median eminence
Portal v.
Superior hypophyseal a.
anterior lobe
Hypophyseal v.

22. Connections of Hypothalamus
Connects with limbic system
Connects with brainstem and spinal cord
Connects with dorsal thalamus
Connects with hypophysis

23. Functions of Hypothalamus
Autonomic control
Endocrine control
Temperature regulation
Regulation of food and water intake
Emotion and behavior
Control of circadian rhythms （生理节奏）

24. Third ventricle 第三脑室 Communication
Position: a narrow ventricle cleft lies within diencephalons
Boundaries
Roof: choroids plexus
Floor:
optic chiasma
tuber cinereum
infundibulum and mamillary body
Anterior: lamina terminalis
Posterior: continuous with mesencephalic aqueduct
Lateral wall: dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus
Communication
Third ventricle →mesencephalic aqueduct → fourth ventricle