1. Revolutions and Nationalism
Chapter 14

2. Revolutions in Russia
Section 1

3. Czars Resist Change 1881 Alexander III stops all reforms in Russia
Revolutionaries = question the authority of the czars, not a part of the Russian Orthodox Church, spoke a language other than Russian
Strict censorship codes
Secret police
Uniform Russian culture
No minority languages
Pogroms = organized violence against Jews

4. Alexander III created a uniform Russian culture by _________________.
_________________ violently persecuted Jews in Russia in the late 19th century.
Making Russia the official language

5. Russia Industrializes
Czar Nicholas II obtains foreign investors and raises taxes
Factories double
Steel industry grows
Trans-Siberian Railway is created

6. Russia Industrializes
Rapid growth of factories = bad working conditions
Trade unions are illegal
Revolutionary movements grow
Marxist revolutionaries want the proletariat (the workers) to rule the country
Two groups
Moderate Mensheviks
Radical Bolsheviks led by Lenin who flees to western Europe

7. The ________________ revolutionaries were divided into two groups; the ______________ and the _________________. The radicals were the __________________.
Marxist, Mensheviks, and Bolsheviks, Bolsheviks

8. Crisis at Home and Abroad
Russo-Japanese War = Russia loses battles to the Japanese
Bloody Sunday: The Revolution of 1905 – 200,000 workers protest at the Czar’s palace (better working conditions) -> hundreds are killed
Leads to riots
Czar approves Russia’s first Parliament (Duma) for ten weeks

9. Czars Alexander III and Nicholas II were not in favor of _______________________.
Riots occurred during the Russo-__________ war because ______________________.
Reforms
They kept losing battles (weak military leaders and govt.)

10. Crisis at Home and Abroad
World War I – 4 million Russians soldiers die in one year
Russian soldiers ignore orders
Food and fuel supplies are low for the civilians
Rasputin, “holy man, ” helps the Czar’s sick son and is given political power (he opposes reforms)

11. The March Revolution 1917 women textile workers strike
Soldiers join the protestors
Russians throughout the nation join the protest
Czar Nicholas II gives up his power and is executed
Provisional government keeps Russia in WWI
Soviets (local councils of workers, peasants, soldiers) compete for power
The Germans help Lenin return to Russia
Petrograd – over bread and fuel
After firing at them
300 year reign of Romanovs collapsed – confusion about how to replace him

12. The Bolshevik Revolution
Lenin and the Bolsheviks take control of soviets in the major cities
Take over the provisional government
All farmland is distributed among the peasants
Control of factories is given to the workers
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – Russia pulls out of WWI
Armed factory workers storm the Winter Palace in Petrograd (Bolshevik Red Guards)
Russia loses a large part of their territory to the Germans and some Russian feel humiliated

13. Civil War
Reds (Bolsheviks) vs. the White Army (socialists, democracy supporters, czar supporters)
Red Army leader = Leon Trotsky
14 million die
Reds win

14. Lenin Restores Order
New Economic Policy (NEP) – the govt. keeps control of major industries, banks, communication systems but some small factories and farms are owned by individuals
Slow recovery
USSR (1922) – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Bolsheviks are renamed the Communist Party
Communist Party = dictatorship
Economy was ruined, little trade, industrial production dropped, skilled workers left the country,
Peasants could sell surplus crops
Communist Party has all the power

15. Stalin Becomes Dictator
After forcing Leon Trotsky into exile

16. Soviets were ____________
Lenin’s slogan during the ______________ Revolution was _____________________.
The Bolsheviks seized power by _____________.
The Bolsheviks signed a treaty with ________________.
Lenin’s reforms included the _____________.
The _______________ Party held all the power.
____________________ took over after Lenin.
Local councils
Bolshevik, peace, land, bread,
Storming the winter palace and taking over the provisional government
New Economic Policy

17. Totalitarianism
Section 2

18. Totalitarianism
A government that takes total control, centralized, state control over every aspect of public and private life
Leaders = can appear to provide a sense of security and give direction for the future
Secret police = crush opposition and create a sense of fear
Enforce the central government’s policies
Spy on citizens
Use brutal force

19. Totalitarianism
Indoctrination – instruction in the government’s beliefs to shape people’s minds
Control of education
Glorify the leader
Propaganda and Censorship – biased or incomplete information used to sway people to accept beliefs or actions
Control of mass media
No music, book, film, art can be published without permission of the state (government)
You can be killed if you question it
Religious or Ethnic Persecution
Leaders create “enemies of the state” to blame for things that go wrong

20. Totalitarianism Opposite of Western democratic ideals Reason Freedom
Human dignity
Worth of the individual

21. Ch. 14 Section 2 Guided Reading
Student #1 = Question 1-3
Student #2 = Question 4-6
Student #3 = Section B
Pages
15 minutes to research
7 minutes to share per student