1. From Genes to Proteins

2. Discuss with your table
How would you get information that was located in a book out of the library if you could not take the book out?

3. How are these two molecules different?
DNA vs. RNA

4. RNA
RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a single stranded molecule of linked nucleotides. A nucleotide will consist of:
Phosphate group
Ribose sugar
One of the following nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), or cytosine (C)

5. Types of RNA
Messenger (mRNA): carries the instructions for making a protein from the DNA in the nucleus and delivers it to the ribosome.
Transfer (tRNA): contain anticodons and carry specific amino acids to the ribosome
Ribosomal (rRNA): part of the structure of a ribosome.

6. mRNA Codon: a three-base “word” Codes for one amino acid
Instructions on mRNA are written in a 3 nucleotide sequence or triplet called a codon
Codons complement anticodons on tRNA
Codon:
a three-base “word”
Codes for one amino acid

7. From Genes to Proteins overview…
DNA contains instructions for making proteins.
Instructions to make proteins are encoded in nucleotides
3. Order of nitrogen bases determines what protein is made.
4. DNA is too large to leave nucleus and go to site of protein synthesis— the ribosome; so a messenger must be made.
5. Transcription makes a copy of DNA in the form of mRNA inside the nucleus
6. Translation uses the message on mRNA to “translate” the message into a protein. This occurs at the ribosome.

8. Protein Synthesis Transcription & Translation 2 steps
Messenger RNA (mRNA) transcribes message from DNA
Message contains directions on how to make protein
Pairs with one strand of DNA bases
Remember, U pairs with A
Exits nucleus with directions for making proteins
Same message, different form

9. Translation Occurs at the ribosome!
During translation, the mRNA molecules bind to a ribosome.
The mRNA contains codons, which specify specific amino acids.
The tRNA molecules contain anticodons and transfer/carry amino acids to the ribosome
The amino acids are joined together in long chains to form proteins.
HHMI Translation
Glencoe Translation

10. Translation

11. tRNA: transfers amino acids to the ribosome
tRNA’s contain anticodons that pair up with appropriate codons on mRNA.
They bring amino acids with them
Amino acids connect and form polypeptide (protein)

12. Overview