1. Organelles:
AP Biology Chapter 6

2. Try to print these out as the handout option and turn them into flash cards. I hope that you will be able to visually recognize the structures and learn about their functions.
Enjoy!

3. The Cell Basic Unit of Life
Bounded by a Plasma Membrane and encloses the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Organelles are specialized bodies in the fluid matrix of the cytoplasm.
These notes are to help you understand these parts and their role in living systems.

4. Nucleus: Genetic Library of the Cell
Contains most of the genes in a Eukaryotic Cell
Enclosed in a Nuclear Envelope
Contains Chromosomes and Chromatin.
Houses the Nucleolus
Directs protein synthesis through messenger RNA (mRNA)

5. Nuclear Envelope and Pores

6. Chromatin vs Chromosomes

8. Nucleolus Contains ribosomal RNA. (rRNA)
Manufactors small and large ribosome subunits.

9. Ribosomes Carry out Protein synthesis. Free Rib. in Cytosol.
Bound attached to ER
Can switch back and forth to satisfy the protein needs of the cells.

11. Endomembrane System: Collection of membranous parts of the cell.
Protein synthesis, transport, metabolism of lipids, detoxification.
Vesicles: sacs made of the membrne.

12. Endomembrane 1. Nuclear Envelope 2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
3. Golgi Apparatus
4. Lysosomes
5. Vacuoles
6. Plasma Membrane*

13. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network of membranes encompassing the nucleus.
Ridges called cisternae (liquid reservoir) and gaps called lumen (cavity).
Continuation of the nuclear envelope.
Broken into two sections, Smooth and Rough.

14. Smooth ER Synthesis of Lipids Oils, steriods, Phospholipids
Detoxification
Liver Cells
Storage of Calcium
Muscles

15. Rough ER Ribosome’s attached (Hence rough) Protein synthesis
Helps protein conformation
Makes glycoproteins
Produces the plasma membrane.

16. Insulin

17. Golgi Apparatus Accepts vesicles from ER
Manufacture, modify, warehouse, sorting, shipping.
Specialized for secretion
Cis-face accepts and trans-face secretes.
Adds molecular ID tags (zip code).

19. Lysosomes Vesicle of hydrolytic enzymes (animal)
Produced by the ER and packaged by the Golgi
Intracellular digestion
Recycle Cellular Material

20. Tay-Sachs (missing lipid enzyme)

21. Vacuoles: Diverse Compartments
Commonly found in plants and fungi
Hydrolysis (similar to lysosome)
Reservoir of Organic/Inorganic Material
Major role in the growth of plants.

22. Mitochondria: Maker of ATP
Site of Cellular Respiration.
Found in most Eukaryotes
Double Membrane
Cristae (Surface area)
Matrix
Contain own DNA, enzymes, and ribosomes.
Maker of ATP (Chp. 9)

24. Chloroplasts: Catchers of Light
Site of Photosynthesis
Found only in plants
Contain chlorophyll, enzymes, ribosomes, and DNA.
Chapter 10.
Double membrane
Contain thylakoids, granum, and covered by stroma.

26. Peroxisomes: Oxidators
Help with metabolism.
Transfers hydrogen’s to oxygen to make oxygen compounds.
H2O2  H2O
Commonly found in liver cells.
Prepare fats for mitochondria.

27. Cytoskeleton: Support, mobility, Regulation

28. Cytoskeleton – Unique but similar
1. Microtubules
2. Microfilaments
3. Intermediate Filaments

29. Microtubules Hollow tubes of protein (tubulin)
Frame of cilia and flagella.
Compression resistent.
Link organelles and act as a sidewalk.

31. Microfilament Made of the protein actin (muscles)
Contract to move cell fluid  movement
Contraction can lead to movement of cytoplasm in plants (cytoplasmic streaming)

32. Intermediate Filaments
Proteins used for support and structure.
Stabilize organelles and form the nuclear lamina (inside cover of the envelope.

33. Importance of Cytoskeleton

34. Review

35. Extracellular: Outside but important
Cell Wall
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Intercellular Junctions

36. Cell Wall Additional extracellular support in plants.
Start with Primary Wall  leading to Secondary.
Walls come together to stabilize plants.

38. ECM

39. Intercellular Junctions
Plasmodesmata
Allows materials to pass from one plant cell to another.

40. Intercellular Junctions