1. Development Policy and Management WEEK FIVE
PIA 2501
Development Policy and Management
WEEK FIVE

2. Discussion

3. Special Focus
Structural Adjustment with or without a “Human Face”
VIDEO
Protests: Do they make sense?

4. Structural Adjustment Policies 1985-2001
The Structural Adjustment Argument- Need to
stabilize currency and markets (getting the prices right)
Promote Free Trade
Need to refocus role of state from development to law and order and deregulation
Address the problem of Debt and Structural Adjustment reforms (IMF and World Bank)

5. Currency Exchange

6. Structural Adjustment, Cont.
Reduce the size of the public sector (infamous 19% cut)
Promote Privatization or “NGOism”—Negative on the State
Privatization (Rambo vs. Effete)
Faith in Capitalist Entrepreneurialism
Neo-Orthodoxy had a purist element: “Rambo Privatization”

8. Structural Adjustment Policies 1985-2001- Redeux
Failure of the Developmental State: Goran Hyden
Linked to “pre-scientific modes of
production of peasants”—Economy of Affection
Failure of State and “Exit Option” (See work of
Albert O. Hirschman) and Barter
Problem of Endemic Patronage and
Corruption

9. Economy of Affection- Barter

10. Structural Adjustment Policies 1985-2012
The Argument for “NGOism”
Left wing Privatization (Private Voluntary Organizations, Cooperatives, Community Based Organizations, Non-Profits)
Energy of NGOs
Structural Adjustment
Public Sector Reform—Reduce size and restructure state
Populist

12. End of development model assumption
Orthodoxy: Overseas capital investment
Accepts Foreign or "Pariah" group ownership and control of trade and commerce
A New Reality: Local soft political institutions, weak private sectors

13. Lebanese Fleeing Violence in Sierra Leone, 1997

14. Private Sector Weakness
Reminder: The Problem with Pariah Groups
Limited to settler, pariah groups—Jews and Roma in Eastern Europe, Chinese in much of Asia, Lebanese and East Indians in parts of Africa and Latin America (See Books of V.S. Naipaul)

15. Idi Amin Expels Uganda Asians

16. A Critical View….

17. Change: the Neo-Orthodoxy
The Realities: To End of 1980s- Focus on anti-Marxist, growth regimes
Korea, Taiwan, Brazil, Chile, South Africa (newly emerging States)
Politics not important

20. Neo-Orthodoxy
No development management- development programs are “bad”
Can’t make planning better
Neo-Orthodoxy and privatization

21. University of Chicago School

22. To what extent is the state planning approach possible?
Bureaucratic, administrative and political constraints constitute a major limitation
Development strategies often parallel but ignore political realities
“Looking for
a Rule to Follow”

23. Neo-Orthodoxy View of Development Management
Five year plans of over 1500 pages for a country of less than a million people
Part of unfulfilled rhetoric of development
National Planning to be replaced by local and regional planning (and Projects

24. The Failure of Planning

25. Failures of Development Planning
A Problem: The limits on political compromise and local level autonomy
Failure of Development and the limits of the econometric model
Failure of planning blamed on weak planning and administrative capacity
Planning was a “shopping list”

26. Counter-Neo-Orthodoxy Argument
Bureaucracies are socio-economic actors
Good example: Land reform and bureaucracies
A study of 25 major land reforms--in 15 cases the bureaucracy was major beneficiary in the process 26

28. Internal Capacity Issues Reminder
Debates: the “Attitudes Problem” and the Public Sector
Myth of civil service neutrality: Bureaucratic elites have interests “Statism”
At best what results is benign neglect, at worst resource extraction
Problem: failure to develop and indigenous capitalism

29. Problem: The Expanding Burden of the Civil Service- A Reminder
Civil Servant Component of the total Current Budget
10 to 15% in MDCs
30 to 60% in LDCs
South Africa in 2001, 46%
Benin in the 1980s, 64%
Central African Republic in the 1960s, 81%

32. Summary: Development Management in 2000
Concern about incapacity: Questions raised about efficacy of state approach
Critics spoke of negative state
Government had become a negative
Debates focused on privatization, public sector reform and NGOism
Need to address issues of external vs. internal solutions to development problems
(domestic capacity vs. international redistribution)

33. Summary: Development Management in 2000
Focus should be on issues of sustainability and institutional development- not projects
Need to search for a creative, flexible, and innovative management system
Difficult to separate development from politics
Implementation had become the neglected component of development policy (Pressman and Wildavsky)
Question: The appropriateness of the U.S. case study as lessons for development action?

35. Choices: Contracting Out and Privatization NGOism and Grants
Capacity Building (HRD)
A Mixed Scanning Approach
IMPLEMENTATION VIDEO

36. TEN MINUTE BREAK

37. PICARD
“Unpaid Editorial”

38. The Problem (1): Bad Planning and Foreign Aid
1. Bureaucrats/practitioners ignored development theories & ideas
2. LDC Development Institutes were largely irrelevant as training centers--donors used overseas training
3. International Organizations (UNDP, IMF and World Bank) promoted Programs that were unworkable.

39. The Foreign Aid Meeting

40. The Problem (2)
Development administration did little to deal with issues of population control, food production and rural development
Foreign aid was seen as little more than a front for foreign policy
Issues of Health and Education

41. Anti-Planning: Neo-Orthodoxy: The Problem (3)
Planning illustrates problem of soft-state and inability of state to impose its will on society-
Planning Part of the Problem
But the Problems are real

42. Land Reform and Women’s Rights Real Issues that Need Addressing

43. Internal Capacity Issues
Debates: the “Attitudes Problem”
Indigenous Elites- Sometimes referred to as “Comprador” classes or “dependent elites,” since they have been co-opted and are linked to Northern Tier states- Cronyism

44. But…. Donors Need Planning Skills (Still)
“National Program Support Office, Afghanistan” (October, 2005)
Project Management Unit (PMU)

45. Autonomous Work Packaging Model

46. Planning Became Project Planning
“End of Editorial”

47. The Middle View
The Moderate Interpretation of Development Administration Failures
Goal: Realistic Decision-Making based on sufficient knowledge (strategic planning) “Mixed Scanning”
Balance Public-Private Partnerships

48. Internal Capacity Issues (Bryant & White)
Debates: the Bureaucratic “Attitudes Problem” continued
How developmental are bureaucrats?
Can the state be used for SOCIAL ENGINEERING?
Is the private or non-profit sector better at development?

50. Social Mobilization Training

51. Internal Capacity Issues: The Counter-Factual
Basic Needs Assumptions: Problem
Need for increased capacity of public, parastatal and private sectors
State should remain central to development planning and management
Need for administrative reform to develop more creative development structures
Millennium Development Goals

52. The Twenty-First Century Model Redux

53. Meet the Authors

54. AUTHOR THEMES Joyce Cary, “The Two Faces of Progress”
Denis Goulet, “The Cruel Choice”
The Development Message?
Is Progress the Answer?

55. From “Mister Johnson”

56. Denis A. Goulet, 75, died December 26, 2006: Appropriate Theory and Practice

57. Discussion: Stanley Karnow: “In Our Image?”
In Our Image (France, U.S., Portugal)
Is assimilation the answer?
In the Philippines, South East Asia, Middle East / Africa?
Latin America: Just Spain? 57

58. Late Colonial Philippines

59. Books for Next Week Khushwant Singh, Last Train to Pakistan
Kurban Said, Ali and Nino

60. The Authors VIDEO
Kushwant Singh
Kurban Said

61. Books of the Week Graham Greene, The Quiet American
Jan Myrdal, Report from a Chinese Village

62. The Authors
Jan Myrdal and Graham Greene

63. The Development Debates
What message does each author bring to the table?
What do we learn about development?
What do you like and dislike about the two books

64. The Problems of Development Management
Quote of the Week:
The Quiet American- An Alternative to expatriate non-involvement?
"The Human Condition being what it was, let them fight, let them love, let them murder, I would not be involved.“
 Graham Greene

65. Ruth Prawer Jhabvala and Carlos Fuentes

66. Case Studies for Next Week
Carlos Fuentes- “The Cost of Living”
Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, “The Interview”