1. Welcome to Class! DO NOW (No talking) Today’s Agenda
Make sure you have followed classroom procedures
Use a dry erase board and marker:
Write down as many parts of the microscope as you can remember.
List at 5 procedures for using the microscope.
DO NOW
Review microscope
Biochemistry Vocabulary
Biochemistry Introduction (molecules and pH)
Create a pH scale
Homework:
(1) Be sure to wear closed toed shoes all week. Labs this week involve lots of chemicals and special tools. (2) Organize your notebooks.

2. Biochemistry Introduction
Basics and Bonding

3. Lesson Frame
We will learn the basics of molecules and bonding and about the pH scale.
I will pre-assess my vocabulary knowledge, create vocabulary flashcards, and a pH scale.

4. Biochemistry Vocabulary
What is the Wall of Vocabulary Masters Tournament?
How should I make my vocabulary flashcards?

5. Atoms vs. Molecules
Atom = smallest unit of matter made of protons, neutrons and electrons
Example – Oxygen (O)
Molecule = more than one atom bonded together
Example – Oxygen gas (O2)
Compound = more than one type of atom bonded together
Example – Water (H2O)

6. Composition of Life

7. Types of Bonds
Atoms within molecules are held together by one of two major types of bonds:
Covalent – a pair of electrons is shared between atoms, each atom donated one electron to the pair
Ionic – electrons are given to nonmetals by metals creating ions, held together by opposite electric charges

8. Covalent Bond – Shared e-
Ionic Bond – given/taken of e-

11. Solutions
A solution is a mixture in which one or more substance are uniformly distributed in another substance
Solute = the substance dissolved in the solution
I.e.: “Solid”
Ex: Sugar
Solvent = the substance in which the solute is dissolved
I.e.: “Liquid” that does the dissolving
Water or Coffee

12. pH The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14
Measures the amount of H+ ions in the solution
Solutions ranging from 0 – 7 = acids (acidic)
7 is a neutral pH
Solutions ranging from 7 – 14 = bases (basic)
PAUSE: Create a pH scale

13. Create a pH scale Using your resources around the room, create a pH scale by placing the items where you think they belong on your scale. Do not glue until I check. Use pencil

14. pH Scale with examples

15. Acids and Bases
A solution that has a high concentration of H + ions is said to be acidic, giving it a low pH
Examples: Lemon juice, vinegar
A solution that has a low concentration of H + ions is said to be basic, giving it a high pH
Examples: Ammonia, Tums
A neutral pH is one in which the ion concentrations are the same
Example: Water
Note: Low [H+] is the same as having a High [OH-]

17. Buffer
The control of pH in the body is very important. Certain enzymes can only work in a narrow pH range.
Buffers: chemical substances that neutralize acidic or basic solutions. (help maintain pH)

18. Exit Ticket
Postcard
If you could write a postcard to your parents or your bestfriend describing what you learned today in class, what would you say?
Write a brief postcard describing what you learned today.

19. Water’s Structure
The oxygen and hydrogen atoms are held together with covalent bonds
Oxygen keeps electrons more, making it partially negative
Hydrogens become partially positive
Combined this makes water polar

20. Water’s Structure (cont.)
Two water molecules will then attract each other and are held together with fairly weak bonds called hydrogen bonds

21. Water’s Important Properties (3)
Water helps to regulate temperature
Has a high specific heat = takes a lot of energy to raise the temperature of water
Has a high heat of vaporization = water absorbs a great deal of heat when it evaporates
Water is cohesive
Water is attracted to itself due to the polarity of the molecule
Gives water a high surface tension

22. Water’s Important Properties (3)
Water is an excellent solvent for polar compounds
“Like dissolves like”
Most molecules in cells are polar Ex: Carbohydrates, Proteins and Nucleic Acids
Most of the body’s and cell’s fluids are aqueous solutions where water is the solvent

23. Other Properties of Water
Video: (4:31)
The Chemistry of Water Video (Youtube – 4:32):

24. Why Carbon is Important
Organic - in chemistry, is used to describe a molecule that possesses both carbon and hydrogen
Inorganic - a compound that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen
Most biological molecules that make up cells are organic

25. Synthesis of Molecules
Because most organic molecules are large and complex, smaller subunits will be used to synthesize longer molecules
Individual subunits are called monomers
Long chains of monomers are called polymers
Water is often produced as a by-product when molecules are synthesized in the body

26. Dehydration Synthesis
Subunits are almost always linked together by a chemical reaction called dehydration synthesis
A H+ atom is removed from one subunit while a hydroxyl group OH- is removed from another
The H + and OH- will combine to form water

27. Hydrolysis The reverse reaction, called hydrolysis
Used to split a molecule into individual monomers
In order for this to happen, water must be used