1. TRANSPORTATION

2. Hello friends, this is a summary of the topic transportation, made by me, Afsiya Azeez, a teacher trainee at St. Thomas College Of Teacher Education , Pala to help you understand the concepts of transportation more easily. As a student, I would like to share with you my experience since I am studying this subject in +1 class. I am not a professional so please feel free to add comments and suggestions on how I should improve.

3. Objectives To get an idea about transportation.
To study various modes of transportation.
To analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various type of transportation.

4. Transportation means movement of goods and passengers from one place to another. by making possible the physical movement of materials and goods from the points of production to the places where the needed for consumption, transport removes one of the great hindrances in the distribution of goods. It gives place and time utility to goods. The growth of domestic and foreign trade depends very much on transport.

5. Functions of Transportation
Helps in movement of men and materials from one place to another.
It helps to expand trade on national and international level.
helps in stabilization of prices
Transportation increases the mobility of labour and capital.
It facilitates large scale production.
It helps in the growth of towns, cities and trade centres.
It generates employment opportunities.
It helps people of different places and nations to have closer contacts.
As a result of large scale production, consumer gets products at low cost.
It helps government to meet emergencies like war, flood, riot, etc., by facilitating quick movement of forces, arms, food, medical supplies, etc..

6. Types of transport Land transport Advantages
The transport system may be classified under the following heads
Land transport
There are two main forms of land transport. They are;
Road transport and
Rail transport
Road transport
This transport system serves even the interior parts of the country. Vehicles like cars, trucks, vans, jeeps, cycles, and even bullock carts are used for transport.
Advantages
1. Less Capital Outlay: 
Road transport required much less capital Investment as compared to other modes of transport such as railways and air transport. The cost of constructing, operating and maintaining roads is cheaper than that of the railways. Roads are generally constructed by the government and local authorities and only a small revenue is charged for the use of roads. 
2. Door to Door Service: 
The outstanding advantage of road transport is that it provides door to door or warehouse to warehouse service. This reduces cartage, loading and unloading expenses. 
3. Service in Rural Areas: 
Road transport is most suited for carrying goods and people to and from rural areas which are not served by rail, water or air transport. Exchange of goods, between large towns and small villages is made possible only through road transport. 

7. 4. Flexible Service: 
Road transport has a great advantage over other modes of transport for its flexible service, its routes and timings can be adjusted and changed to individual requirements without much inconvenience.
5. Suitable for Short Distance: 
It is more economic and quicker for carrying goods and people over short distances. Delays in transit of goods on account of intermediate loading and handling are avoided. Goods can be loaded direct into a road vehicle and transported straight to their place of destination.
6. Lesser Risk of Damage in Transit: 
As the intermediate loading and handling is avoided, there is lesser risk of damage, breakage etc. of the goods in transit. Thus, road transport is most suited for transporting delicate goods like chinaware and glassware, which are likely to be damaged in the process of loading and unloading.
7. Saving in Packing Cost: 
As compared to other modes of transport, the process of packing in motor transport is less complicated. Goods transported by motor transport require less packing or no packing in several cases. 
8. Rapid Speed: 
If the goods are to be sent immediately or quickly, motor transport is more suited than the railways or water transport. Water transport is very slow. Also much time is wasted in booking the goods and taking delivery of the goods in case of railway and water transport. 
9. Less Cost: 
Road transport not only requires less initial capital investment, the cost of operation and maintenance is also comparatively less. Even if the rate charged by motor transport is a little higher than that by the railways, the actual effective cost of transporting goods by motor transport is less. The actual cost is less because the motor transport saves in packing costs and the expenses of intermediate loading, unloading and handling charges. 

8. Disadvantages:
In spite of various merits, road/motor has some serious limitations: 
1. Seasonal Nature:
Motor transport is not as reliable as rail transport. During rainy or flood season, roads become unfit and unsafe for use.
2. Accidents and Breakdowns:
  There are more chances of accidents and breakdowns in case of motor transport. Thus, motor transport is not as safe as rail transport.
 3. Unsuitable for Long Distance and Bulky Traffic: 
This mode of transport is unsuitable and costly for transporting cheap and bulky goods over long distances.
 4. Slow Speed: 
The speed of motor transport is comparatively slow and limited. 
5. Lack of Organization:
The road transport is comparatively less organized. More often, it is irregular and undependable. The rates charged for transportation are also unstable and unequal.

9. Rail transport
Railway is the cheapest means of transportation. It plays a major role in development of industries in the country. It is generally owned and managed by the central government. It is highly suited for heavy and bulky goods.
advantages:
i) risk free travelling ,high capacity travelling,
ii) mostly cheep for other transports,
iii) no traffic problems in travelling,
iv)max time saving for long travelling,
v) it is suit for take bulk commodities,
vi) provides vast employment opportunities.
disadvantages:
i)not suit for low capacity goods,
ii)any accidents had made that way network collapse
iii)not for time sharply it's depend upon signals
iv)less attractive for short distance journeys
v) does not offer door to door service

10. Pipeline transport Water Transport
With the development of petroleum industry, pipeline transport has gained greater importance for the movement of oil and gas from their well or refineries to places of storage. It requires lesser initial capital cost and much lower running cost.
Water Transport
Water transport is the cheapest and the oldest mode of transport. It operates on a natural track and hence does not require huge capital investment in the construction and maintenance of its track except in case of canals. The cost of operation of water transport is also very less. It has the largest carrying capacity and is most suitable for carrying bulky goods over long distances.
Kinds of Water Transport: 
Water transport consists of:
  (i) Inland water transport
(ii) Ocean-transport

11. 1. inland water transport
rivers, lakes, canals, constitute inland water transport. Motor boats, barges, country boats etc. are the most common vessels used. Usually heavy materials like timber, bricks, sand, minerals etc. are transported in barges and boats.
Advantages
Cheapest means of transport
No jolting and shaking; hence most suitable for transporting fragile materials.
Direct loading and unloading from steamers possible.
Disadvantages
Very slow mean of transport.
Only small steamers and boats can be used.
Connect only those places where the rivers and canals are navigable.
2. Ocean transport
Ocean transport is very important in international trade, it is two kinds;
Coastal shipping and,
Overseas shipping
Coastal shipping
in countries with coastal lines, coastal shipping is an important and cheap means of transport. Bulky and heavy goods like timber, cement, food grain etc., are carried through the coastal shipping.
Overseas shipping means plying of shipping between the ports of different countries.

12. Advantages of ocean transport
No expenditure on construction and maintenance of sea routes.
Indispensable in international trade.
Larger carrying capacity for passengers and cargo.
Cheapest mode of transport.
Disadvantages
Very slow means of transport.
Sea voyage difficult in unfavorable weather .
Construction and maintenance of vessel expensive .
International rules and regulation impose restrictions.
Open to risk such as theft, pilferage etc

13. Reference
nessdictionary.com/definition/transportation.html& ei=oHACoB9t&lc=en- IN&s=1&m=425&ts= &sig=ALL1Aj5HC kz5VF7bdnogRsdpqggISAM9Vg
kipedia.org/wiki/Mode_of_transport&ei=EY3gB6Eu &lc=en- IN&s=1&m=425&ts= &sig=ALL1Aj6yzi ETHbW1VTLe-XTRfd-xbFxDoQ