1. Roman Leadership (Reformers, Generals, and Triumvirates) How did Roman leaders try to fix the issues that Rome faced after the Punic Wars?
Over the next 100 years after the decline of the Roman Republic as a result of the Punic Wars, many different popular leaders tried to improve conditions in Rome. The following leaders were reformers, generals, or members of triumvirates who made attempts to fix the problems in Rome. Only one of them was completely successful.
Tiberius Gracchus
Gaius Gracchus
General Gaius Marius
General Lucius Sulla
Marcus Crassus
Gnaeus Pompeius (Pompey)
Julius Caesar
Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony)
Marcus Amelius Lepidus
Octavian (Augustus)

2. vocabulary: terms to know
reformer
booty
dictator
triumvirate
emperor
Pax Romana
freedmen
census
province
tariff
juris prudentes
standardized

3. Tiberius Gracchus—reformer
-Time Period: 133 B.C. -Accomplishments: 1st Roman reformer, a person who works to change and improve a society; became tribune & wanted to give land back to poor -Supporters: Gaius Gracchus (brother) and poorer classes -End of Term: Killed by members of the Senate-threatened by his ideas since he wanted to limit the amount of land a person could own
Tiberius Gracchus

4. Gaius Gracchus—reformer
-Time Period: 123 B.C.
-Accomplishments: 2nd reformer; followed in his brother’s footsteps to carry out his plans to help the poor
-Supporters: poorer classes
-End of Term: Just like his brother, he was also killed by members of the Senate-threatened by his ideas since he wanted to limit the amount of
land a person could own
Gaius Gracchus

5. General Gaius Marius Gaius Marius -Time Period: 107 B.C.
-Accomplishments: military hero; first lower-class Roman to hold a high office. Opened army to everyone as consul; offered the following to the poor to get them to join the army: pay, land, pensions, and booty, things taken from enemies during war
-Supporters: Lower-class citizens; ex-soldiers
-End of Term: A rival named Lucius Cornelius Sulla led an army and overthrew Marius.
Gaius Marius
*Even though Marius opened the army to everyone, soldiers became loyal to their generals and not Rome

6. General Lucius Sulla
-Time Period: 82 B.C. -Accomplishments: Overthrew Marius when Marius tried to get the assembly to take command away from Sulla; became dictator, or absolute ruler. Doubled size of Senate and weakened Tribunes -Supporters: Legionaries -End of Term: Retired
Lucius Sulla

7. Marcus Crassus—1st Triumvirate
-Time Period: 60 B.C. -believed in a republic run by upper-class senators -Accomplishments: statesmen, financier, and military leader; Member of the First Triumvirate, or group of 3 leaders with equal power; called “The Rich” because he made much money through investments -Supporters: Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompey -End of Term: Killed in battle Marcus Crassus

8. Gnaeus Pompeius (Pompey)-1st Triumvirate
-Time Period: 60 B.C.
-Accomplishments: Rome’s highest ranking elected official; outstanding Roman general and statesmen; Member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar’s rival for power after Crassus died
-Supporters: Army soldiers
-End of Term: Killed in Egypt by supporters of Caesar
Pompey

9. Julius Caesar—1st Triumvirate
-Time Period: 46 B.C.
-member of the First Triumvirate
*Julius Caesar gained power in 48 B.C. after the death of Pompey
-In 58 B.C., Caesar became governor of Gaul and built-up a strong and loyal army
-The Senate ordered him to break up army and return to Rome in 50 B.C.
-He instead led his army to Rome in order to challenge Pompey
-Became dictator of Rome in 46 B.C and made many reforms
Caesar

10. Julius Caesar (continued)
-Accomplishments: Member of First Triumvirate, general, reformer, and dictator of Rome; redistributed state lands in Italy; founded new colonies overseas; began public works projects; planned and paid for gladiatorial games; doubled the size of the Senate; cut back activities of the publicans -Supporters: plebeians, military -End of Term: Killed by a group of Senators since they feared Caesar would make himself king!

11. (Marcus Antonius) Mark Antony —2nd Trimvirate
-Time Period: 43 B.C.
*Married to Cleopatra of Egypt.
*Formed a Second Triumvirate
-Accomplishments: Close friend of and military leader with Caesar who took control of Roman territories to the East after Caesar’s death; member of the Second Triumvirate
-Supporters: Caesar and military
-End of Term: Octavian became emperor, sole ruler of empire, of Rome
Mark Antony

12. Marcus Amelius Lepidus —2nd Triumvirate
-Time Period: 42 B.C. -Accomplishments: One of Caesar’s top officers took over the rule of Africa after Caesar’s death; member of the Second Triumvirate -Supporters: Caesar and military -End of Term: died in 13 B.C. (not in battle) Marcus Lepidus

13. Octavian (Augustus)—2nd Triumvirate
-Time Period: 27 B.C.-14 A.D.
-Accomplishments: Caesar’s adopted son, Member of Second Triumvirate; Became first emperor of Rome after fights broke out with Antony, ending in Antony’s defeat in 31 B.C.
-Supporters: Caesar
***Became first Roman Emperor, sole ruler of Rome! Reign lasted 41 years
—ended in 14 A.D.
Octavian (Augustus): Rome’s First Emperor!

14. Rule of Augustus
In 27 B.C., Octavian told the Senate that he had restored the republic and offered to resign as sole ruler.
The Senate refused his offer and gave him several titles.
Octavian took the title of Augustus, meaning “revered one,” and became the first emperor of Rome.

15. Rule of Augustus
Augustus implemented numerous policies that led to the Pax Romana, a 200-year time period of peace and prosperity in Rome.
Even after the empire collapsed, Roman influence would survive in much of the world.
Augustus was a clever politician and held the offices of consuls, tribune, high priest, and senator.

16. Rule of Augustus
The following were ways in which Augustus strengthened his authority while keeping the assemblies and government officials of the republic.
For control, he had every soldier swear allegiance.
He gave enslaved people and freedmen, or former enslaved people, a chance to be a part of the government.
He pushed Rome’s borders to natural boundaries that would be easy to defend.

17. Rule of Augustus
This led to the Pax Romana: the peace and prosperity that Augustus brought to Rome—lasted over 200 years
People prospered, civilization spread, and cultures mixed.

18. Pax Romana-Rule of Augustus How did life in Rome improve during the Pax Romana?
During the 41 years of his reign, Augustus brought peace, patriotism, and pride to the Romans.
He gave provincial governors long terms of office and paid them large salaries.
province: an area controlled by Rome but not given Roman rights

19. Pax Romana-Rule of Augustus
He made Roman citizenship available to people in the provinces.
To make sure that people did not pay too little or too much, Augustus ordered a census, or a population count, to be taken from time to time.
Most important, he reorganized the government of Rome so that it ran well for more than 200 years.

20. Pax Romana-Trade increase in trade
same coins used throughout the empire
No tariffs, or taxes placed on goods brought into the country
Goods and money moved freely along the trade routes.

21. Pax Romana-Trade
Mediterranean was cleared of pirates, making it safe for trade and travel.
Shipping became a big business.
Types of goods:
grain from North Africa
brick, marble, granite, and wood for building
luxury items—amber from the north and silk from China

22. Pax Romana-Trade Increased trade=more business for Romans
Shopkeepers grew richer.
Wine and olive oil were the main items bought by other countries
Italy became a manufacturing center for pottery, bronze, and woolen cloth.

23. Pax Romana-Law
During the Pax Romana, Roman law went through many changes since the original Twelve Tables were written.
When Rome conquered a new territory, Roman merchants had to do business with non-Romans.
Roman judges wrote new laws to make them fair for everyone.
Juris prudentes, special lawyers and legal writers, helped the judges.

24. Pax Romana-Law
A law was believed to be just because it was reasonable; not because the government had the power to make people obey it.
Everyone was equal under the law.
Everyone was innocent until proven guilty.
By 125 A.D., Roman Law was standardized, which meant that legal procedures were the same in all parts of the empire.
In later years, Roman legal principles formed the basis for the laws of most western countries and of the Christian church.

25. Emperors of Pax Romana
1st emperor of Roman Empire; reorganized government of Rome; brought peace to Rome
reformed taxes and improved financial state of government
repaired roads and began construction of two aqueducts; nominated his horse for office
conquered most of England; extended citizenship to many people outside of Rome; set up ministries to handle government administration
Augustus
(27 B.C.-14 A.D.)
Tiberius
(14 A.D.-37 A.D.)
Caligula
(37 A.D.-41 A.D.)
Claudius
(41 A.D.-54 A.D.)

26. Emperors of Pax Romana
blamed for starting the great fire of Rome in 64 A.D. – rebuilt the city and gave it a city plan
brought people from the provinces into the Senate; secured frontier regions; brought Rome new prosperity; built the Colisseum
built aqueducts, bridges, and harbors; extended citizenship to more provinces; cut dishonesty in business and government
Nero
(54 A.D.-68 A.D.)
Flavian Emperors
(69 A.D.-96 A.D.)
Vespasian
Titus
Domitian
Five Good Emperors
(96 A.D.-180 A.D.)
Nerva
Trajan
Hadrian
Antonius Pius
Marcus Aurelius