Chapter 13 The South Section 1 Pages 414-419.

Chapter 13 The South Section 1 Pages

Ch. 13 Sec. 1 “Growth of the Cotton Industry” P. 414-419
Reviving the South’s Economy Differences had always existed between different regions of the United States Changes in industry and transportation deepened the differences between North and South Three main crops prior to the American Revolution Tobacco, rice, and indigo Mostly grown by enslaved Africans Played a critical role in the Southern economy and culture

Cotton Becomes Profitable Cotton had been grown in the New World for centuries Not a very profitable crop because seeds had to be removed from the cotton fibers This had to be done before the cotton could be spun into thread for weaving into cloth Short staple cotton Most common cotton, also known as green-seed cotton Removing the seeds was difficult and time consuming By the early 1790s the demand for American cotton began increasing rapidly

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin Cotton Gin – a machine that removes seeds from short staple cotton One man could clean 10 times as much cotton as he could by hand The cotton gin used a hand-cranked cylinder with wire teeth to pull cotton fibers from the seeds The cotton gin was so useful that Whitney’s patent was often ignored by other manufacturers Planters – large-scale farmers who owned more than 20 slaves built cotton gins that could process tons of cotton much faster than hand processing

The Cotton Gin https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gc1V1vN6Vxc

The Cotton Boom Cotton gin made cotton extremely profitable Many farmers quit growing other crops in favor of growing cotton Removal of N.A. opened up more land for growing cotton and development of new types of cotton plants helped spread cotton production throughout the South as far west a Texas Cotton Belt 2 million pounds produced in 1791 1 billion pounds by 1860 As early as 1840, America was producing half of the cotton grown in the world People became wealthy and put slavery firmly in the South

Cotton Belt Cotton had many advantages as a cash crop A crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower Cost very little to get to market Could be stored for a long time and cost less to transport Disadvantages Rapidly drained the soil of nutrients Crop rotation Changing the crop grown on a particular spot of land every few years Scientists began to study soil chemistry

Cotton Belt cont’d As the Cotton Belt grew, farmers continued to try and improve the crop Agricultural scientists worked at crossbreeding short staple cotton with other varieties Stronger types of cotton were soon growing throughout the Cotton Belt as a result The cotton boom involved more than just growing and harvesting cotton The cotton had to be ginned, pressed into bales, and then shipped to market or to warehouses Rather than pay wages for field hands, farmers preferred to use slave labor Congress made the importation of slaves into the United States illegal in 1808 The growing demand for slaves increased the slave trade within the United States

Cotton Trade In 1858 Senator James Henry Hammond declared that cotton was king and without it, the global economy would fail Southern cotton was used to make cloth in England and the North Many Southerners shared Hammond’s point of view about cotton The cotton boom made the South a major player in world trade Great Britain became the South’s most valued foreign trading partner Southern cotton fueled the Northern textile industry Cotton lead to the growth of major port cities Charleston, South Carolina; Savannah, Georgia; and New Orleans, Louisiana Crop brokers called factors managed the cotton trade Once farmers got their crops to port cities, factors arranged for transportation aboard trading ships

Food and Cash Crops Corn The primary southern food crop By the late 1830s, the top three corn growing states were in the South Other successful food crops include rice, sweat potatoes, wheat, and sugarcane Tobacco The South’s first major cash crop Very time consuming Leaves had to be dried before they could be shipped to market Slaves improved the drying by using heat from burning charcoal, increasing tobacco production Hemp and flax also became major cash crops Farmers made rope and sackcloth to bundle cotton into bales

The first factories in the South were built to serve farmer’s needs Processed crops such as sugarcane into sugar and molasses In 1803 the first steam-powered sawmill was built in the South Donaldsonville, Louisiana Enabled lumber companies to cut, sort, and clean wood quickly By the 1840s, entrepreneurs in Georgia began investing in cotton mills 14 mills in 1840, more than 50 by the mid-1850s Few of the bigger mills followed the Lowell System Most built small scale powered by rivers Some southern mills we built using steam power because some places did not have enough water power to have water-powered mills

Industry Cont’d Tredegar Iron Works Richmond, Virginia One of the most productive iron works in the nation Industry remained a small part of the Southern economy Faced competition from the North and England Both were able to produce many goods more cheaply

Chapter 13 The South Section 2 Pages

Ch. 13 Sec. 2 “Southern Society” P. 420-423
Southern Society and Culture Popular fiction often made it seem that all white southerners had many slaves and lived on large plantations This was far from reality Only about 1/3 of southerners owned slaves and fewer owned plantations Despite small numbers, planters had powerful influence over the South and many served as political leaders

Planters The wealthiest members of Southern society and greatly influenced the economy Some showed off their wealth by living in beautiful mansions Others saved up their money to buy more land and more slaves Male planters Primarily concerned with raising crops and supervising slave laborers Left running the of the plantation household to their wives

Yeomen and Poor Whites Yeomen Owners of small farms, average farm was 100 acres Owned a few slaves or none at all Took great pride in their work, believed it to be the most honest, upright, and sure way of securing all of the comforts of life Yeomen families including women and children worked long days at a variety of tasks Those who owned slaves work alongside them Poor whites Those who could not grow cash crops found other ways to survive Hunting, fishing, raising small gardens, and doing odd jobs for money

Religion and Society Most white southerners shared similar religious beliefs Families often saw their neighbors at church events Farms were so far apart Wealthy white southerners believed that their religion justified their position in society and the institution of slavery They believed that God created some people, like themselves, to rule others

Urban Life Though there were few of them, Southern cities were similar to Northern cities City governments built water systems and provided well-maintained streets Public education was available in a few places Wealthy residents occasionally gave large sums of money to charities like orphanages and libraries As on plantations, slaves did much of the work in southern cities Worked as domestic servants, in mills, in shipyards, and at skilled jobs

Free African Americans and Discrimination 250,000 free African Americans lived in the South by 1860 Some were descendants of freed slaves, some were descendants of refugees from Toussaint L’Ouverture’s Haitian Revolution Others were former slaves who had run away, been freed, or earned enough money to buy their freedom Freed African Americans in cities often worked mostly as skilled artisans

Free African Americans and Discrimination cont’d Freed African Americans faced constant discrimination from white southerners Many governments passed laws limiting the rights of free African Americans Most could not vote, travel freely, or hold certain jobs Sometimes free African Americans had to have a white person represent them in business transaction In other cities, laws restricted where they were allowed to conduct business To many white southerners, the very existence of free African Americans threatened the institution of slavery

Chapter 13 The South Section 3 pages

Ch. 13 Sec. 3 “The Slave System” P. 424-429
Slaves and Work Most enslaved Africans Americans lived in rural areas where they worked on farms and plantations On large plantations most slaves were assigned specific jobs Most worked in the fields Supervisors were known as drivers, sometimes were slaves as well Made sure that slaves followed orders and carried out punishments

Working in the Field Most plantation owners used the gang labor system All field hands worked on the same task at the same time Usually worked from sunup to sundown Field hands usually did not even get a break for lunch Men, women, and even children older than about 10 usually did the same tasks

Working in the Planter’s Home Some slaves worked as butlers, cooks, or nurses in the planter’s home These slaves had better food, clothing, and shelter than field hands did Often worked longer hours They had to serve the planter’s family 24 hours a day

Working at Skilled Jobs Some enslaved Africans Americans worked at skilled jobs Blacksmithing, carpentry, music playing Sometimes planters let these slaves sell their services to other people Planters often collected a portion of what was earned but allowed the slaves to keep the rest This allowed some skilled slaves to buy their freedom

Life Under Slavery Slaveholders viewed slaves as property and not people 3/5 Compromise The most common method of sale was the auction The auction itself determined whether families would be kept together or separated Separated families were separated with little hope of ever getting back together Slave traders sometimes even kidnapped free African Americans and sold them into slavery Solomon Northrup 12 years as a slave until he finally proved his identity and gained his freedom

Living Conditions Slaves endured poor living conditions Housed in dirt floor cabins with few furnishings and often leaky roofs Clothing was often made of cheap and coarse fabric Food Many slaves did what they could to improve their small food rations Some slaves were allowed to keep their own gardens for vegetables and chickens for eggs Some slaves added variety to their diet by fishing and picking wild berries

Living Conditions

Punishment and Slave Codes Some planters offered more food or better living conditions to encourage slaves’ obedience Other planters used punishment and fear instead Punishment was done in front of the rest of the slaves to keep them inline Slave codes Laws that further restricted a slave’s actions Prohibited slaves from traveling far from home, prohibited slave education

Slave Culture Many enslaved Africans Americans found comfort in their community or culture Family and Community Family was the most important aspect of slave communities Many slaves feared separation more than they feared punishments such as whipping and beating Enslaved parents kept their heritage alive by passing down family histories Folktales were used to teach lessons on how to survive under slavery Stories usually involved a trickster, representing the slave, defeating a stronger animal by outwitting it, representing the slave owner

Religion Religion also played an important part in slave culture Many slaves were Christian by the early 1800s They saw themselves like the slaves in the Old Testament, as God’s chosen people Much like the Hebrew slaves in ancient Egypt who had faith that they would someday live in freedom Some slaves sang spirituals to express their religious beliefs Emotional Christian songs that blended African and European music Many times, they worshiped in secret, out of sight of their slaveholders

Seeds of Rebellion In small ways, slaves rebelled against the system daily Working slower, religious practices, passing down parts of their heritage Some ran away for a few days to avoid an angry slaveholder Some tried to escape permanently Gaining freedom by escaping to the North was hard If discovered, slaves would be sent back to their slaveholders where they faced certain punishment or sometimes death

Slave Uprisings Violent slave revolts were relatively rare Nat Turner’s Rebellion The most violent slave revolt in the country Occurred in 1831and lasted for six weeks Believed that God had told him to end slavery Planned to kill all of the slave owners and their families in the county First they attacked the family that held Turner as a slave Then proceeded to kill 60 white people in the community More than 100 slaves not part of Nat Turner’s group were killed in an attempt to stop the rebellion Once captured, Turner confessed, said that his cause was worth his death, and was hanged Many states strengthened their slave codes as a result

Chapter 13 The South Section 1 Pages 414-419.

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Chapter 13 The South Section 1 Pages 414-419.

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