1. Challenges for the Solar Manufacturing in India
Dr. Debajyoti Sarangi
PI Photovoltaic-Institute (Suzhou) Co., Ltd.
Building A, 2 Kezhi Road, Suzhou Industrial Park
Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
                       
Borealis Polyolefine GmbH |
St.-Peterstraße 25 | A-4021
Linz | Austria

2. How much Solar Energy?
About half the incoming solar energy reaches the Earth's surface.
The earth receives more energy from the sun in just one hour than the world uses in a whole year

3. What is Solar Cell?
Mono c-Si Wafer Solar cell (>20%)
Multi c-Si Wafer
Solar cell (>18%)(~19%)
A solar cell is an electronic device which directly converts sunlight into electricity.
Also known as Photovoltaic (PV) Cell.
Efficiency: Out put power / Incident Solar Energy

4. Solar Manufacturing Sections
Polysilicon
Sand
Polysilicon /
pure silicon
Crystal Growth
Multi
Mono
Wafering
Multi
Mono
Solar Cell
Solar Module

5. Gaps in Solar Manufacturing
Polysilicon
Requirement:
18 – TPA
Planned:
1250 TPA
Main challenge: High Capex, Cost of Power, Long gestation period
Wafer
2.5 Bn/yr
600 Mn/yr
Main challenge:
High Capex, Power Cost, Technology choice
Cell
6000 MW/yr
Existing:
1200 MW/yr
2000 MW/yr
Main challenge: Cost competitivenes,
Quality.
Module
5600 MW/yr
Main challenge: Supply chain of components, cost competitiveness
Inverter
6000 MW/yr to MW/yr
3500 MW/yr
Main challenge:
Supply chain for components
Polysilicon production is an energy-consuming process ( kWh/kg) and needs reliable power sources for continuous operations

6. Components of Solar Module

7. Warranty

8. Failure Scenarios of PV Module
Typical failure scenarios for crystalline silicon wafers based PV modules (Source: IEA-PVPS T13-01:2014)

9. Light Induced Degradation (LID)
p-type wafer
n+ emitter
Al-BSF
Mono
Al BSF
PERC
Poly or multi
p-type wafer
n+ emitter
Cause?
Mono: B-O defects
Poly PERC: ???
LeTID (light-and-elevated- temperature-induced degradation)
Prevention :
Hydrogen passivation treatment
Include LID loss and do the calculations
PERC (Passivated Emitter Rear Contact)

10. Encapsulant : Ethylene Vinyl Acetate - EVA
Deacetylation and hydrolysis of vinyl-acetate monomers in EVA resulted in generating acetic acid, resulting:
accelerate the corrosion of electrical interconnects
deteriorate the transparency coating of the cells
result in the eventual reduction in module performance
Ethylene (vinyl acetate), EVA, is a copolymer that can be hydrolyzed under the presence of high temperatures, UV and moisture

11. Exposed to 125°C for 14 days in air circulation oven
Avoid Yellowing of EVA
Borealis encap
EVA
Ref 1
Ref 2
Exposed to 125°C for 14 days in air circulation oven
Glass/Encapsulant/Glass
Two industry reference EVA’s have been tested & show both degradation after 14 days of exposure to 125°C

12. Eliminate corrosions: Avoid EVA
Test conditions: 70°C, 65% RH, 150 W/m2 UV dose. (actual module temperature ~85°C due to illumination).
BPO
EVA UV-absorber
0 h
2000 h

13. Potential Induced Degradation (PID)
For the PID effect, charges moving from the glass plate through the EVA encapsulation and the ARC (Anti-Reflective Coating) to the cell
Left Image: EL images of the PV modules before and PID test.
Test Criteria: PV module subject to ±1000 V (DC) inside a climate chamber at 85% rH and 85ºC, for 96h.
Power degradation <5%
Encapsulant: replace EVA with POE like Borealis Quentys

14. Snail Trails Cause? Ag nanoparticles agglomerations Source:
Front contacts: Grid lines
EVA (Ethylene vinyl acetate)
Preventation:
Use of acetate free encapsulant like POE based Borealis Quentys BPO

15. Sequential testing: Degradation of module
Modules are exposed to humidity, temperature variations & UV radiation
Encapsulant type
Initial power output
Output after 4th cycle
Degradation (%)
BPO
253,4W
239,6W
5,4%
EVA
252,6W
168,3W
33,4%

16. Thank you for your attention!
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17. The future with PV…